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Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

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The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the discoverer(s) listed.

Historically the naming of moons did not always match the times of their discovery. Traditionally, the discoverer enjoys the privilege of naming the new object; however, some neglected to do so (E. E. Barnard stated he would "defer any suggestions as to a name" [for Amalthea] "until a later paper"[1] but never got around to picking one from the numerous suggestions he received) or actively declined (S. B. Nicholson stated "Many have asked what the new satellites [Lysithea and Carme] are to be named. They will be known only by the numbers X and XI, written in Roman numerals, and usually prefixed by the letter J to identify them with Jupiter."[2]). The issue arose nearly as soon as planetary satellites were discovered: Galileo referred to the four main satellites of Jupiter using numbers while the names suggested by his rival Simon Marius gradually gained universal acceptance. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) eventually started officially approving names in the late 1970s. With the explosion of discoveries in the 21st century, new moons have once again started to be left unnamed even after their numbering, beginning with Jupiter LI and Jupiter LII in 2010.

Key info

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In the following tables, planetary satellites are indicated in bold type (e.g. Moon) while planets and dwarf planets, which directly circle the Sun, are in italic type (e.g. Earth). The Sun itself is indicated in roman type. The tables are sorted by publication/announcement date. Dates are annotated with the following symbols:

  • i: for date of first imaging (photography, etc.);
  • o: for date of first human visual observation, either through telescope or on photographic plate;
  • p: for date of announcement or publication.

In a few cases, the date is uncertain and is then marked "(?)".

* Note: Moons marked by an asterisk (*) had complicated discoveries, such as being lost and rediscovered. Some of them thus appear multiple times in the list to clarify the situation.

Color legend

The Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, and their natural satellites are marked in the following colors:

It is not known precisely how many objects in the Solar System are dwarf planets; the nine objects listed in the third column are the ones agreed on by most astronomers, corresponding to a threshold of about 900–1000 km diameter.

Designations
  • Other designations are synonyms or periphrases sometimes encountered for the object.
  • Permanent designations (of planetary satellites) are explained here.
  • Temporary designations are explained here.

If a satellite is named, its name is bolded; if it is unnamed, but has a permanent designation, then its permanent designation is bolded; and if it has neither, then its temporary designation is bolded.

Prehistorically discovered

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Prehistory
Name Image Other designation Notes
Sun
Star In the geocentric model, developed in Ancient Greece, then standardized by Ptolemy in the 2nd century, the Earth was believed to be at the center of the cosmos. Seven planets were placed in orbit around it in an order of increasing distance from the Earth, as established by the Greek Stoics: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This list included two objects, the Sun and the Moon, which are now not generally considered planets.

In the 5th century BCE, the Greek philosophers Philolaus and Hicetas speculated separately that the Earth was a sphere revolving daily around some mystical "central fire" that regulated the universe. Anaxagoras proposed that the Sun is a star around 450 BCE. In the 3rd century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos extended this idea by proposing that the Earth and other planets moved around a definite central object, which he believed to be the Sun though this was not widely accepted until the 17th century and not proven until the 19th.[3]

Earth
3rd Planet Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the subject of historical misconception for centuries.[4][5] Earth was never formally 'discovered' because it was never an unrecognized entity by humans. However, its shared identity with other bodies as a "planet" is a historically recent discovery.

The Earth's position in the Solar System was correctly described in the heliocentric model proposed by Aristarchus of Samos.[6]

Moon
Earth I In the Copernican system, the Moon was considered to be no longer a planet but a natural satellite of the Earth, and was originally thought to be the only body in that system whose revolution was not centered on the Sun.
Mercury
1st Planet Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were identified by ancient Babylonian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BC.[7] They were correctly identified as orbiting the Sun by Aristarchus of Samos, and later in Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric system[8] (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543)
Venus
2nd Planet
Mars
4th Planet
Jupiter
5th Planet
Saturn
6th Planet

17th century

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17th century
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1610s
o: 7 January 1610
p: 13 March 1610 		Ganymede
Jupiter III Galileo[9][10] discovered the Galilean moons. These satellites were the first celestial objects that were confirmed to orbit an object other than the Sun or Earth. Galileo saw Io and Europa as a single point of light on 7 January 1610; they were seen as separate bodies the following night.[11]
Callisto
Jupiter IV
o: 8 January 1610
p: 13 March 1610 		Io
Jupiter I
Europa
Jupiter II
1650s
o: 25 March 1655
p: 5 March 1656 		Titan
Saturn VI
Saturn II (1673–1684), Saturn IV (1686–1789) 		Huygens[12] first "published" his discovery as an anagram, sent out on 13 June 1655; later published in pamphlet form as De Saturni luna Observatio Nova and in full in Systema Saturnium[13] (July 1659).
1670s
o: 25 October 1671
p: 1673 		Iapetus
Saturn VIII
Saturn III (1673–1684), Saturn V (1686–1789), Saturn VII (1789–1848) 		Cassini[14]
o: 23 December 1672
p: 1673 		Rhea
Saturn V
Saturn I (1673–1684), Saturn III (1686–1789)
1680s
o: 21 March 1684
p: 22 April 1686 		Tethys
Saturn III
Saturn I (1686–1789) 		Cassini[15]

Together with his previous two discoveries, Cassini named these satellites Sidera Lodoicea. In his work Kosmotheôros[16] (published posthumously in 1698), Christiaan Huygens relates "Jupiter you see has his four, and Saturn his five Moons about him, all plac’d in their Orbits."

Dione
Saturn IV
Saturn II (1686–1789)
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

The numbering of Saturn's moons was adjusted with each new discovery until 1848, in order to continue reflecting their order from their parent planet.

18th century

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18th century
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1780s
o: 13 March 1781
p: 26 April 1781 		Uranus
7th Planet Herschel first reported the discovery of Uranus on 26 April 1781, initially believing it to be a comet.[17]
: 11 January 1787
p: 15 February 1787 		Titania
Uranus III
Uranus I (1787–1797) 		Herschel.[18][19] He later reported four more spurious satellites.[20]
Oberon
Uranus IV
Uranus II (1787–1797)
o: 28 August 1789[21]
p: 12 November 1789 		Enceladus
Saturn II Herschel[22]
o: 17 September 1789
p: 12 November 1789 		Mimas
Saturn I
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

The numbering of Titania and Oberon underwent some confusion, because in 1797, Herschel reported four more satellites of Uranus[23] that turned out not to exist. Before any more Uranian moons were discovered, William Lassell sometimes adopted Herschel's numbers where Titania and Oberon are respectively Uranus II and IV,[24] and sometimes called them respectively Uranus I and II.[25] After he discovered Ariel and Umbriel in 1851, Lassell numbered the four real Uranian satellites then known outward from their parent planet as I (Ariel), II (Umbriel), III (Titania), and IV (Oberon), and this finally stuck.[26]

19th century

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19th century
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1800s
o: 1 January 1801
p: 24 January 1801 		Ceres
8th Planet (1801)
Asteroid (1851)
Dwarf planet (2006)		 Giuseppe Piazzi. He first announced his discovery on 24 January 1801, in letters to fellow astronomers.[27] The first formal publication was the September 1801 issue of the Monatliche Correspondenz.[28]
1840s
o: 23 September 1846
p: 13 November 1846 		Neptune
13th Planet (1846)[a]
8th Planet (1851) 		Galle and Le Verrier[29][30]
o: 10 October 1846
p: 13 November 1846 		Triton
Neptune I Lassell[31]
o: 16 September 1848
p: 7 October 1848 		Hyperion
Saturn VII Bond, Bond,[32] Lassell[33]
1850s
o: 24 October 1851 Ariel
Uranus I Lassell[26]
Umbriel
Uranus II
1870s
o: 12 August 1877 Deimos
Mars II Hall[34][35][36]
o: 18 August 1877 Phobos
Mars I
1890s
o: 9 September 1892
p: 4 October 1892 		Amalthea
Jupiter V Barnard[1][37]
i: 16 August 1898
o: 17 March 1899 		Phoebe
Saturn IX Pickering[38][39]
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
  1. ^ At the time of Neptune's discovery, dwarf planet Ceres and asteroids Pallas, Juno, Vesta, and Astraea were counted as planets.

The discovery of Amalthea marks the first time the Roman numerals were not adjusted with the discovery of a new satellite; from then on they reflected order of discovery rather than distance from the parent planet.

20th century

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1901–1950

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Early 20th century
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1900s
i: 3 December 1904
p: 6 January 1905 		Himalia
Jupiter VI Perrine[37][40][41]
i: 2 January 1905
p: 27 February 1905 		Elara
Jupiter VII Perrine[37][41][42]
i: 27 January 1908
o: 28 February 1908
p: 1-6 March 1908 		Pasiphae
Jupiter VIII Melotte[37][43][44]
1910s
i: 21 July 1914
p: 17 September 1914 		Sinope
Jupiter IX Nicholson[37][45]
1930s
i: 23 January 1930
o: 18 February 1930
p: 13 March 1930 		Pluto
9th Planet (1930)
Dwarf planet (2006)		 Tombaugh[46]
i: 6 July 1938
p: August 1938 		Lysithea
Jupiter X Nicholson[37][47]
i: 30 July 1938
p: August 1938 		Carme
Jupiter XI
1940s
i: 16 February 1948
p: June 1949 		Miranda
Uranus V Kuiper[37][48]
i: 1 May 1949
p: August 1949 		Nereid
Neptune II Kuiper[37][49][50]
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

1951–2000

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Late 20th century
Date Name Temporary Designation Image Permanent Designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1950s
i: 28 September 1951
p: December 1951 		Ananke —
Jupiter XII Nicholson[51][52]
1960s
i: 15 December 1966
p: 3 January 1967 		Janus* S/1966 S 2
Saturn X Dollfus[51][53][54][55][56]
(Dollfus may have seen either Janus or Epimetheus)
i: 18 December 1966
p: 6 January 1967 		Epimetheus* S/1980 S 3
Saturn XI Walker[51][57]
1970s
i: 11 September 1974
p: 20 September 1974 		Leda —
Jupiter XIII Kowal[37][58]
i: 30 September 1975
p: 3 October 1975 		Themisto* S/1975 J 1
Jupiter XVIII Kowal and Roemer[37][59]
(Discovered and then lost)
i: 13 April 1978
o: 22 June 1978
p: 7 July 1978 		Charon S/1978 P 1
Pluto I Christy[60][61]
i: 8 July 1979
p: 23 November 1979 		Adrastea S/1979 J 1
Jupiter XV Jewitt, Danielson, Voyager 2[54][62][63][64][65][66]
1980s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 26 February 1980
p: 6 March 1980 		Epimetheus* S/1980 S 3
Saturn XI [51][56][67][68][69][70]
(Confirmed by Voyager 1)
i: 1 March 1980
p: 6 March 1980 		Helene S/1980 S 6
Saturn XII Laques, Lecacheux[37][67][68][69][70]
i: 8 April 1980
p: 10 April 1980 		Telesto S/1980 S 13
Saturn XIII Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain, Voyager 1[51][70][71]
i: 5 March 1979
p: 28 April 1980 		Thebe S/1979 J 2
Jupiter XIV Synnott, Voyager 1[51][63][64]
i: 19 February 1980
p: 6 June 1980 		Janus* S/1980 S 1
Saturn X [54][56][68][69][70]
(Confirmed by Voyager 1)
i: 13 March 1980
p: 31 July 1980 		Calypso S/1980 S 25
Saturn XIV Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie[51][69][70]
i: 4 March 1979
p: 26 August 1980 		Metis S/1979 J 3
Jupiter XVI Synnott, Voyager 1[51][64]
o: October 1980
p: 31 October 1980 		Prometheus S/1980 S 27
Saturn XVI Collins, Voyager 1[72]
Pandora S/1980 S 26
Saturn XVII Collins, Voyager 1[37][72]
o: October 1980
p: 13 November 1980 		Atlas S/1980 S 28
Saturn XV Terrile, Voyager 1[51][73]
i: 24 May 1981
p: 29 May 1981 		Larissa* S/1981 N 1
Neptune VII Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen[37][74]
i: 30 December 1985
p: 9 January 1986 		Puck S/1985 U 1
Uranus XV Synnott, Voyager 2[37][75]
i: 3 January 1986
p: 16 January 1986 		Juliet S/1986 U 2
Uranus XI Synnott, Voyager 2[37][76][77]
Portia S/1986 U 1
Uranus XII
i: 9 January 1986
p: 16 January 1986 		Cressida S/1986 U 3
Uranus IX
i: 13 January 1986
p: 16 January 1986 		Desdemona S/1986 U 6
Uranus X
Rosalind S/1986 U 4
Uranus XIII
Belinda S/1986 U 5
Uranus XIV
i: 20 January 1986
p: 27January 1986 		Cordelia S/1986 U 7
Uranus VI Terrile, Voyager 2[37][78]
Ophelia S/1986 U 8
Uranus VII
i: 23 January 1986
p: 27 January 1986 		Bianca S/1986 U 9
Uranus VIII Smith, Voyager 2[37][78]
i: 16 June 1989
p: 7 July 1989 		Proteus S/1989 N 1
Neptune VIII Synnott, Voyager 2[37][79]
i: 28 July 1989
p: 2 August 1989 		Larissa* S/1989 N 2
Neptune VII Synnott, Voyager 2 (recovered)[80][37]
Despina S/1989 N 3
Neptune V Synnott, Voyager 2[80][37]
Galatea S/1989 N 4
Neptune VI
i: 18 September 1989
p: 29 September 1989 		Thalassa S/1989 N 5
Neptune IV Terrile, Voyager 2[37][81]
Naiad S/1989 N 6
Neptune III
1990s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 22 August 1981
p: 16 July 1990 		Pan* S/1981 S 13
Saturn XVIII Showalter, Voyager 2[37][82]
i: 23 August 1981
p: 14 April 1995 		Pallene*
(see below)		 S/1981 S 14
Saturn XXXIII Gordon, Murray and Beurle[37][83][84]
i: 6 September 1997
p: 31 October 1997 		Caliban S/1997 U 1
Uranus XVI Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars[37][85]
Sycorax S/1997 U 2
Uranus XVII Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars[85]
i: 18 January 1986
p: 18 May 1999		 Perdita* S/1986 U 10
Uranus XXV Karkoschka, Voyager 2[37][86]
i: 18 July 1999
p: 27 July 1999 		Setebos S/1999 U 1
Uranus XIX Kavelaars, Gladman, Holman, Petit, Scholl[37][87]
Stephano S/1999 U 2
Uranus XX Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl[37][87]
i: 18 July 1999
p: 4 September 1999 		Prospero S/1999 U 3
Uranus XVIII Holman, Kavelaars, Gladman, Petit, Scholl[37][88]
2000s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 6 October 1999
p: 20 July 2000 		Callirrhoe S/1999 J 1
Jupiter XVII Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels[37][89][90]
i: 7 August 2000
p: 25 October 2000 		Ymir S/2000 S 1
Saturn XIX Gladman[37][91][92]
Paaliaq S/2000 S 2
Saturn XX
i: 23 September 2000
p: 25 October 2000 		Siarnaq S/2000 S 3
Saturn XXIX Gladman, Kavelaars[37][93][94]
Tarvos S/2000 S 4
Saturn XXI Kavelaars, Gladman[37][93][94]
i: 7 August 2000
p: 18 November 2000 		Kiviuq S/2000 S 5
Saturn XXIV Gladman[37][94][95]
i: 23 September 2000
p: 18 November 2000 		Ijiraq S/2000 S 6
Saturn XXII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][94][95]
i: 21 November 2000
p: 25 November 2000 		Themisto* S/2000 J 1
Jupiter XVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (Rediscovered)[37][96][97]
i: 23 September 2000
p: 7 December 2000 		Thrymr S/2000 S 7
Saturn XXX Gladman, Kavelaars[37][92][98]
Skathi S/2000 S 8
Saturn XXVII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][92][98]
Mundilfari S/2000 S 9
Saturn XXV Gladman, Kavelaars[37][92][98]
Erriapus S/2000 S 10
Saturn XXVIII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][94][99]
i: 9 November 2000
p: 19 December 2000 		Albiorix S/2000 S 11
Saturn XXVI Holman, Spahr[37][100][101]
i: 23 September 2000
p: 22 December 2000 		Suttungr S/2000 S 12
Saturn XXIII Gladman, Kavelaars[37][102][103]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

21st century

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2000s

[edit]
2000s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

i: 23 November 2000
p: 5 January 2001

Kalyke S/2000 J 2
Jupiter XXIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans[37][104][105][106]
Iocaste S/2000 J 3
Jupiter XXIV
Erinome S/2000 J 4
Jupiter XXV
Harpalyke S/2000 J 5
Jupiter XXII
Isonoe S/2000 J 6
Jupiter XXVI
Praxidike S/2000 J 7
Jupiter XXVII
i: 25 November 2000
p: 5 January 2001 		Megaclite S/2000 J 8
Jupiter XIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans[37][104][106]
Taygete S/2000 J 9
Jupiter XX
i: 26 November 2000
p: 5 January 2001 		Chaldene S/2000 J 10
Jupiter XXI
i: 5 December 2000
p: 5 January 2001 		Dia S/2000 J 11
Jupiter LIII
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 9 December 2001
p: 16 May 2002 		Hermippe S/2001 J 3
Jupiter XXX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][107][108]
Eurydome S/2001 J 4
Jupiter XXXII
Sponde S/2001 J 5
Jupiter XXXVI
Kale S/2001 J 8
Jupiter XXXVII
i: 10 December 2001
p: 16 May 2002 		Autonoe S/2001 J 1
Jupiter XXVIII
i: 11 December 2001
p: 16 May 2002 		Thyone S/2001 J 2
Jupiter XXIX
Pasithee S/2001 J 6
Jupiter XXXVIII
Euanthe S/2001 J 7
Jupiter XXXIII
Orthosie S/2001 J 9
Jupiter XXXV
Euporie S/2001 J 10
Jupiter XXXIV
Aitne S/2001 J 11
Jupiter XXXI
i: 13 August 2001
p: 30 September 2002 		Trinculo S/2001 U 1 — Uranus XXI Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic[37][109][110]
i: 4 June 2002
o: 5 June 2002
p: 7 October 2002 		Quaoar (50000) 2002 LM60
Dwarf planet Trujillo, Brown[111]
i: 31 October 2002
p: 18 December 2002 		Arche S/2002 J 1
Jupiter XLIII Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry[37][112][113]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 23 July 2002
p: 13 January 2003 		Sao S/2002 N 2
Neptune XI Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic[37][114][115]
i: 10 August 2002
p: 13 January 2003 		Halimede S/2002 N 1
Neptune IX
i: 11 August 2002
p: 13 January 2003 		Laomedeia S/2002 N 3
Neptune XII
i: 5 February 2003
p: 4 March 2003 		Eukelade S/2003 J 1
Jupiter XLVII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh[37][116][117]
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 2
—
Eupheme S/2003 J 3
Jupiter LX
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 4
—
i: 6 February 2003
p: 4 March 2003 		Eirene S/2003 J 5 — Jupiter LVII
Helike S/2003 J 6
Jupiter XLV
i: 8 February 2003
p: 4 March 2003 		Aoede S/2003 J 7 — Jupiter XLI
i: 8 February 2003
p: 6 March 2003 		Hegemone S/2003 J 8 — Jupiter XXXIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[37][118][119]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 7 March 2003 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2003 J 9
— Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[37][120][121]
S/2003 J 10
Kallichore S/2003 J 11 — Jupiter XLIV
i: 8 February 2003
p: 7 March 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 12
—
i: 9 February 2003
p: 2 April 2003 		Cyllene S/2003 J 13 — Jupiter XLVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][122][123]
i: 8 February 2003
p: 3 April 2003 		Kore S/2003 J 14
Jupiter XLIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][122][124]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 3 April 2003 		Philophrosyne S/2003 J 15 — Jupiter LVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[122][125]
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 16
— Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[122][126]
i: 8 February 2003
p: 3 April 2003 		Herse S/2003 J 17 — Jupiter L Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][122][127]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 4 April 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 18
Jupiter LV Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][122][128]
i: 5 February 2003
p: 8 April 2003 		Narvi S/2003 S 1
Saturn XXXI Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][122][129]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 12 April 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 19 — Jupiter LXI Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[130][131]
i: 9 February 2003
p: 14 April 2003 		Carpo S/2003 J 20
Jupiter XLVI Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][130][132]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 29 May 2003 		Mneme S/2003 J 21
Jupiter XL Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][133][134]
i: 18 January 1986
p: 3 September 2003 		Perdita* S/1986 U 10
Uranus XXV Karkoschka (Recovered by the Hubble Space Telescope)[37][86][135]
i: 29 August 2003
p: 3 September 2003 		Psamathe S/2003 N 1
Neptune X Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars[37][136][137]
i: 25 August 2003
p: 25 September 2003 		Mab S/2003 U 1
Uranus XXVI Showalter, Lissauer[138]
Cupid S/2003 U 2
Uranus XXVII
i: 13 August 2001
p: 30 September 2003 		Ferdinand* S/2001 U 2
Uranus XXIV 2001: Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic;
2003: Sheppard, Jewitt (recovered)[37][139][140]
i: 14 August 2002
p: 30 September 2003 		Neso S/2002 N 4
Neptune XIII Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic[37][139][141]
i: 13 August 2001
p: 7 October 2003 		Francisco S/2001 U 3 — Uranus XXII Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman[37][142]
i: 29 August 2003
p: 9 October 2003 		Margaret S/2003 U 3
Uranus XXIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Holman, Kavelaars[37][143][144]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 9 February 2003
p: 24 January 2004 		Thelxinoe S/2003 J 22 — Jupiter XLII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][145][146]
i: 6 February 2003
p: 31 January 2004 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 23
— Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[147][148]
i: 17 February 2004
p: 22 February 2004 		Orcus (90482) 2004 DW
Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[149]
i: 14 November 2003
p: 15 March 2004 		Sedna (90377) 2003 VB12
Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[150]
i: 1 June 2004
p: 16 August 2004 		Methone S/2004 S 1
Saturn XXXII Cassini–Huygens[37][151][152][153]
Pallene* S/2004 S 2
Saturn XXXIII
i: 14 August 2002
p: 19 August 2004		 (unnamed moon of Neptune) S/2002 N 5*
— Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser (as lost moon c02N4)[154][155]
i: 21 October 2004
o: 24 October 2004
p: 8 November 2004 		Polydeuces S/2004 S 5
Saturn XXXIV Cassini–Huygens[37][156][157]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 12 December 2004
p: 3 May 2005 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 7 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden[37][158]
Fornjot S/2004 S 8
Saturn XLII
Farbauti S/2004 S 9 — Saturn XL
Aegir S/2004 S 10 — Saturn XXXVI
Bebhionn S/2004 S 11
Saturn XXXVII
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 12 — —
S/2004 S 13 —
Hati S/2004 S 14
Saturn XLIII
Bergelmir S/2004 S 15
Saturn XXXVIII
i: 13 December 2004
p: 3 May 2005 		Fenrir S/2004 S 16 — Saturn XLI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 17 — —
Bestla S/2004 S 18
Saturn XXXIX
i: 1 May 2005
p: 6 May 2005 		Daphnis S/2005 S 1
Saturn XXXV Cassini–Huygens[159]
i: 7 March 2003
o: 27 July 2005
i: 6 May 2004
o: 28 December 2004
p: 29 July 2005 		Haumea (136108) 2003 EL61
Dwarf planet (Ortiz, Aceituno Castro, Santos-Sanz)[37][160] or (Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz)[161] (see the Controversy over the discovery of Haumea)
i: 21 October 2003
o: 5 January 2005
p: 29 July 2005 		Eris (136199) 2003 UB313
Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[37][161][162]
o: 26 January 2005
p: 29 July 2005 		Hiʻiaka S/2005 (136108) 1
Haumea I Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[37][163]
i: 31 March 2005
p: 29 July 2005 		Makemake (136472) 2005 FY9
Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[161][164]
o: 30 June 2005
p: 29 July 2005 		Namaka S/2005 (136108) 2
Haumea II Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[165]
i: 10 September 2005
p: 3 October 2005 		Dysnomia S/2005 (136199) 1
Eris I Brown, van Dam, Bouchez, Le Mignant, Campbell, Chin, Conrad, Hartman, Johansson, Lafon, Rabinowitz, Stomski, Summers, Trujillo, Wizinowich[166]
i: 15 May 2005
o: 15 June 2005
p: 31 October 2005 		Nix S/2005 P 2
Pluto II Weaver, Stern, Mutchler, Steffl, Buie, Merline,
Spencer, Young, Young[167]
Hydra S/2005 P 1
Pluto III
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 12 December 2004
o: 6 March 2006 (?)
p: 26 June 2006 		Hyrrokkin S/2004 S 19
Saturn XLIV Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][168][169]
i: 4 January 2006
o: 6 March 2006 (?)
p: 26 June 2006 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2006 S 1 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][169][170]
Kari S/2006 S 2
Saturn XLV
i: 5 January 2006
o: 6 March 2006 (?)
p: 26 June 2006 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2006 S 3 — —
Greip S/2006 S 4
Saturn LI
Loge S/2006 S 5
Saturn XLVI
Jarnsaxa S/2006 S 6 — Saturn L
Surtur S/2006 S 7 — Saturn XLVIII
Skoll S/2006 S 8
Saturn XLVII
i: 13 November 2005
p: 22 February 2007 		Vanth S/2005 (90482) 1
Orcus I Brown, Suer[171]
i: 14 February 2006
p: 22 February 2007 		Weywot S/2006 (50000) 1
Quaoar I Brown, Suer[171]
i: 5 January 2006
o: 16 January 2007 (?)
p: 13April 2007 		Tarqeq S/2007 S 1
Saturn LII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][172][173]
i: 18 January 2007
o: ?
p: 1 May 2007 		(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2007 S 2 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[173][174]
S/2007 S 3 — —
i: June 2004
o: 30 May 2007
p: 18 July 2007		 Anthe S/2007 S 4
Saturn XLIX Cassini–Huygens[37][175]
i: 17 July 2007
p: 7 January 2009		 Gonggong (225088) 2007 OR10
Dwarf planet Schwamb, Brown, Rabinowitz[176]
i: 15 August 2008
p: 3 March 2009		 Aegaeon S/2008 S 1
Saturn LIII Cassini–Huygens[37][177]
i: 26 July 2009
o: ?
p: 2 November 2009		 (unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2009 S 1
— Cassini–Huygens[178]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

2010s

[edit]
2010s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

i: 7 September 2010
p: 1 June 2011

(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2010 J 1
Jupiter LI Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman and Alexandersen[179]
S/2010 J 2
Jupiter LII Veillet[179]

i: 28 June 2011
p: 20 July 2011

Kerberos S/2011 (134340) 1
Pluto IV Showalter[180][181]

i: 27 September 2011
p: 29 January 2012

(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2011 J 1 — Jupiter LXXII Sheppard[182]
S/2011 J 2 — Jupiter LVI

i: 26 June 2012
p: 11 July 2012

Styx S/2012 (134340) 1
Pluto V Showalter[183]

i: 6 November 2004
o: 1 July 2013
p: 15 July 2013

Hippocamp* S/2004 N 1
Neptune XIV Showalter et al.[184]

i: 27 April 2015
p: 25 April 2016

(unnamed moon of Makemake) S/2015 (136472) 1
— Parker et al.[185][186]
i: 18 September 2010
p: 17 October 2016 		Xiangliu S/2010 (225088) 1
Gonggong I Marton, Kiss, Müller[187]
i: 8 March 2016
p: 2 June 2017 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2016 J 1
Jupiter LIV Sheppard et al.[188][189][190]
i: 23 March 2017
p: 5 June 2017		 S/2017 J 1
Jupiter LIX
i: 9 March 2016
p: 17 July 2018		 Valetudo S/2016 J 2
Jupiter LXII
i: 5 February 2016
o: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2017 J 2
Jupiter LXIII
i: 5 February 2016
o: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 S/2017 J 3
Jupiter LXIV
i: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 Pandia S/2017 J 4
Jupiter LXV
i: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2017 J 5 — Jupiter LXVI
i: 24 February 2017
o: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 S/2017 J 6 — Jupiter LXVII
i: 24 February 2017
o: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 S/2017 J 7 — Jupiter LXVIII
i: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 S/2017 J 8
Jupiter LXIX
i: 24 February 2017
o: 23 March 2017
p: 17 July 2018		 S/2017 J 9 — Jupiter LXX
i: 25 March 2017
o: 11 May 2018
p: 17 July 2018		 Ersa S/2018 J 1
Jupiter LXXI
i: 12 December 2004
p: 7 October 2019 		Gridr S/2004 S 20 — Saturn LIV Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[191]
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 21 — —
Angrboda S/2004 S 22 — Saturn LV
Skrymir S/2004 S 23 — Saturn LVI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 24 — —
Gerd S/2004 S 25 — Saturn LVII
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 26 — Saturn LVIII
Eggther S/2004 S 27 — Saturn LIX
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 28 — —
S/2004 S 29 — Saturn LX
Beli S/2004 S 30 — Saturn LXI
i: 12 December 2004
p: 8 October 2019
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 31 — —
Gunnlod S/2004 S 32 — Saturn LXII
Thiazzi S/2004 S 33 — Saturn LXIII
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 34 — Saturn LXIV
Alvaldi S/2004 S 35 — Saturn LXV
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 36 — —
S/2004 S 37 — —
Geirrod S/2004 S 38 — Saturn LXVI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 39 — —
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

2020s

[edit]
2020s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: 5 February 2003
p: 15 November 2021		 (unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 24 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Veillet[192]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 16 November 2021		 (unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2019 S 1
— Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[193]
i: 27 September 2011
p: 20 December 2022		 (unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2011 J 3 — — Sheppard[194][195][196][197][198]
i: 12 May 2018
p: 20 December 2022		 S/2018 J 2 — —
i: 9 March 2016
p: 5 January 2023		 S/2016 J 3 — —
i: 12 August 2021
p: 5 January 2023		 S/2021 J 1 — —
i: 12 May 2018
p: 19 January 2023		 S/2018 J 3 — —
i: 12 August 2021
p: 19 January 2023		 S/2021 J 2 — —
S/2021 J 3 — —
i: 14 August 2021
p: 19 January 2023		 S/2021 J 4 — —
i: 5 September 2021
p: 19 January 2023		 S/2021 J 5 — — Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo[199]
i: 11 May 2018
p: 20 January 2023		 S/2018 J 4 — — Sheppard[200]
i: 5 September 2021
p: 20 January 2023		 S/2021 J 6 — — Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo[201]
i: 9 March 2016
p: 24 January 2023		 S/2016 J 4 — — Sheppard[202][203][204][205]
i: 30 August 2022
p: 22 February 2023		 S/2022 J 1 — —
i: 15 October 2022
p: 22 February 2023		 S/2022 J 2 — —
i: 30 August 2022
p: 22 February 2023		 S/2022 J 3 — —
i: 24 June 2020
p: 3 May 2023		 (unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2020 S 1 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[206][207][208][209][210]
i: 1 February 2006
p: 3 May 2023		 S/2006 S 9 — —
i: 18 January 2007
p: 3 May 2023		 S/2007 S 5 — —
i: 12 December 2004
p: 3 May 2023		 S/2004 S 40 — — Jewitt, Sheppard, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[211]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 3 May 2023		 S/2019 S 2 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[212]
S/2019 S 3 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[213]
i: 27 June 2020
p: 3 May 2023		 S/2020 S 2 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[214][215]
i: 24 June 2020
p: 5 May 2023		 S/2020 S 3 — —
i: 3 July 2019
p: 5 May 2023		 S/2019 S 4 — — Ashton, Gladman[216]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2004 S 41 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[217]
i: 24 June 2020
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2020 S 4 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[218][219]
S/2020 S 5 — —
i: 16 January 2007
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2007 S 6 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[220][221][222]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2004 S 42 — —
i: 5 January 2006
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2006 S 10 — —
i: 3 July 2019
p: 6 May 2023		 S/2019 S 5 — — Ashton, Gladman[223]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 7 May 2023		 S/2004 S 43 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[224]
S/2004 S 44 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman[225]
i: 13 December 2004
p: 7 May 2023		 S/2004 S 45 — — Jewitt, Sheppard, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[226]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 7 May 2023		 S/2006 S 11 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[227][228]
S/2006 S 12 — —
i: 3 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 6 — — Ashton, Gladman[229]
i: 6 January 2006
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2006 S 13 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[230]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 7 — — Ashton, Gladman[231]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 8 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[232]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 9 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman[233]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2004 S 46 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[234]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 10 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[235]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2004 S 47 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[236]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2019 S 11 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[237]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 8 May 2023		 S/2006 S 14 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[238]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 9May 2023		 S/2019 S 12 — — Ashton, Gladman[239]
i: 27 June 2020
p: 9 May 2023		 S/2020 S 6 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[240][241]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 9 May 2023		 S/2019 S 13 — —
i: 5 January 2005
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2005 S 4 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[242]
i: 16 January 2007
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2007 S 7 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[243]
i: 21 March 2007
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2007 S 8 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[244]
i: 24 June 2020
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2020 S 7 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[245]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2019 S 14 — — Ashton, Gladman[246]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2019 S 15 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[247]
i: 9 March 2005
p: 10 May 2023		 S/2005 S 5 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[248]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2006 S 15 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman[249]
i: 1 February 2006
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2006 S 16 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[250]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2006 S 17 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman[251]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2004 S 48 — — Jewitt, Sheppard, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[252]
i: 27 June 2020
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2020 S 8 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[253]
i: 13 December 2004
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2004 S 49 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[254]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2004 S 50 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[255]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2006 S 18 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[256]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2019 S 16 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[257]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2019 S 17 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[258]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2019 S 18 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[259]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2019 S 19 — — Ashton, Gladman[260]
i: 1 July 2019
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2019 S 20 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[261]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2006 S 19 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[262][263]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2004 S 51 — —
i: 27 June 2020
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2020 S 9 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[264]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 15 May 2023		 S/2004 S 52 — — Jewitt, Sheppard, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[265]
i: 21 March 2007
p: 16 May 2023		 S/2007 S 9 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman[266]
i: 12 December 2004
p: 16 May 2023		 S/2004 S 53 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[267]
i: 27 June 2020
p: 16 May 2023		 S/2020 S 10 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[268]
i: 3 July 2019
p: 16 May 2023		 S/2019 S 21 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[269][270]
i: 5 January 2006
p: 23 May 2023		 S/2006 S 20 — —
i: 7 September 2021
p: 23 February 2024		 (unnamed moon of Neptune) S/2021 N 1 — — Sheppard, Tholen, Trujillo, Lykawka[271]
i: 4 November 2023
p: 23 February 2024		 (unnamed moon of Uranus) S/2023 U 1 — — Sheppard[272]
i: 14 August 2002
p: 23 February 2024		 (unnamed moon of Neptune) S/2002 N 5*
— Sheppard (recovered)[154] (originally published in 2004 as lost moon c02N4)[155]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ Louis Strous (2020). "Who discovered that the Sun was a star?". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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  5. ^ Lindow, John (2002). Norse mythology: a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs. Oxford University Press. p. 253. The world was a flat disk, with the Earth in the center and the sea all around. Thus the serpent is about as far away from the center, where men and gods lived
  6. ^ Heath, Thomas Little (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. iii.
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    Translated as Cassini, Signor (1673). "A Discovery of two New Planets about Saturn, made in the Royal Parisian Observatory by Signor Cassini, Fellow of both the Royal Societys, of England and France; English't out of French". Philosophical Transactions. 8 (92): 5178–5185. doi:10.1098/rstl.1673.0003. JSTOR 101334. S2CID 186209335.
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