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Sports motorcycle

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A Kawasaki sport bike at a track day at Lakeside International Raceway.
The groundbreaking inline four of the Honda CB750.

A sports motorcycle, sports bike, or sport bike is a motorcycle designed and optimized for speed, acceleration, braking, and cornering on asphalt concrete race tracks and roads. They are mainly designed for performance at the expense of comfort, fuel economy, safety, noise reduction and storage in comparison with other motorcycles.[1]

Sport bikes can be and are typically equipped with fairings and a windscreen to deflect wind from the rider to improve aerodynamics.

Soichiro Honda wrote in the owner's manual of the 1959 Honda CB92 Benly Super Sport that, "Primarily, essentials of the motorcycle consists in the speed and the thrill," while Cycle World's Kevin Cameron says that, "A sportbike is a motorcycle whose enjoyment consists mainly from its ability to perform on all types of paved highway – its cornering ability, its handling, its thrilling acceleration and braking power, even (dare I say it?) its speed."[2]

Motorcycles are versatile and may be put to many uses as the rider sees fit.[3] In the past there were few if any specialized types of motorcycles, but the number of types and sub-types has proliferated, particularly in the period since the 1950s.[4] The introduction of the Honda CB750 in 1969 marked a dramatic increase in the power and speed of practical and affordable sport bikes available to the general public.[5]

This was followed in the 1970s by improvements in suspension and braking commensurate with the power of the large inline fours that had begun to dominate the sport bike world. In the 1980s sport bikes again took a leap ahead, becoming almost indistinguishable from racing motorcycles.[6] Since the 1990s sport bikes have become more diverse, adding new variations like the naked bike and streetfighter to the more familiar road racing style of sport bike.[4][7][8]

Design elements

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Dual front disc brakes with four piston radial calipers on a Yamaha YZF-R6.
Aftermarket upgrades using carbon fiber or other exotic materials are used on sport bikes to enhance the power-to-weight ratio and handling.

With the emphasis of a sport bike being on speed, acceleration, braking, and maneuverability, there are certain design elements that most motorcycles of this type will share. Rider ergonomics favor function. This generally means higher foot pegs that move the legs closer to the body and more of a reach to a lower set of hand controls, such as clip on handlebars, which positions the body and weight forward and over the tank.[3][9] Sport bikes have comparatively high-performance engines resting inside a lightweight frame.[9] High tech and expensive materials are often used on sport bikes to reduce weight.[9]

Braking systems combine higher performance brake pads and disc brakes with multi-piston calipers that clamp onto oversized vented rotors. Suspension systems are advanced in terms of adjustments and materials for increased stability and durability. Front and rear tires are larger and wider than tires found on other types of motorcycles to allow higher cornering speeds and greater lean angles. Fairings may or may not be used on a sport bike; when used, fairings are shaped to reduce aerodynamic drag as much as possible and provide wind protection for the rider.[9]

The combination of rider position, location of the engine and other heavy components, and the motorcycle's geometry help maintain structural integrity and chassis rigidity, and determine how it will behave under acceleration, braking, and cornering. Correct front-to-rear weight distribution is of particular importance to the handling of sport bikes, and the changing position of the rider's body dynamically changes the handling of the motorcycle.[10] Because of the complexity of modeling all the possible movements of different sized riders, to approach perfect tuning of a motorcycle's weight distribution and suspension is often only possible by having a bike customized or at least adjusted to fit a specific rider.[10] Generally, road racing style sport bikes have shorter wheelbases than those intended for more comfortable touring, and the current trend in sport bike design is towards shorter wheelbases, giving quicker turning at the expense of a greater tendency for unintentional wheelies and stoppies under hard acceleration and braking, respectively.[10][11][self-published source?][12] Some motorcycles have anti-wheelie systems, with various designs including computerized traction and suspension settings controls or mechanical suspension features, which are intended to reduce the lift and loss of traction of the front wheel under acceleration.[13]

Classes

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There is no universal authority defining the terminology of sport bikes or any other motorcycle classes. Legal definitions are limited by local jurisdiction, and race sanctioning bodies like the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) set rules that only apply to those who choose to participate in their competitions. Nonetheless, by present day standards in Europe, North America and the rest of the developed world, sport bikes are usually divided into three, four, or five rough categories, reflecting vaguely similar engine displacement, horsepower, price and intended use, with a good measure of subjective opinion and simplification. Marketing messages about a model from the manufacturer can diverge from the consensus of the motorcycling media and the public. Sometimes the classes used in motorcycle racing are approximated in production models, often but not always in connection with homologation.

The sport bike classes in common usage are:[7][14][15]

  • Lightweight: also called entry level, small or beginner bikes.[8][16][17] Some two strokes in this class have dramatically higher performance than the four strokes, being likened to miniature superbikes.[7] Sport bikes with engine displacements of up to about 500 cc (31 cu in) are usually in this class.[3]
  • Middleweight:[14] mid-sized, mid-level,[8] or supersport.[7] Some of the models in this range qualify for racing in the classes AMA Supersport Championship, British Supersport Championship and the Supersport World Championship, but many middleweights do not have a significant presence in racing. Displacements of 600–750 cc (37–46 cu in) are typical.[3]
  • Superbike:[14] liter-class, literbike, or heavyweight i.e. 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or higher.[3] As with supersport, many of the models in this class compete in superbike racing.
    • Open class, hypersport or hyperbike,[16][18][19] are terms sometimes used in lieu of superbike as a catch-all for everything larger than middleweight.[20] Alternatively, these terms mark a class above the superbikes for the largest displacement sport bikes with the highest top speeds, with weights somewhat greater than the superbike class.[21] Hyperbike was in use by 1979.[22]

The terms supersport and superbike are sometimes applied indiscriminately to all high-performance motorcycles.[23] Categorization by engine displacement alone is a crude measure, particularly when comparing engines with different numbers of cylinders like inline or V fours with parallel and V twins, not to mention the greater power for a given displacement of two-stroke engines over four strokes.[8]

In the less developed world, smaller engine sizes are the norm, and relative terms like small, mid-sized and large displacement can have different meanings. For example, in India in 2002 there were about 37 million two-wheelers,[24] but as of 2008, there were only about 3,000 motorcycles, or fewer than one in 12,000, of displacement 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more.[25] Similarly, the perception of relative sizes has shifted over time in developed countries, from smaller to larger displacements.[26] When the original superbike,[27][28] the Honda CB750, appeared in 1969, it was called a "big four,"[4] while today an inline four of 736.5 cc (44.94 cu in) would be classed in the middle range.

Besides having product lines that span from entry level through high end sport bikes, many manufacturers add depth[29] to that line by having pairs, or several pairs, of similar sport bikes aimed at riders of different levels. These are designed to appeal to riders seeking more or less extreme performance features. The more expensive model will be in the vein of a race replica, offering the latest technology updated with frequent design revisions, while the lower cost model typically relies on older technology, can have a more relaxed riding position, and is generally more practical for non-road racing tasks such as urban commuting and carrying passengers or baggage, and offering lower fuel, insurance and maintenance costs. Examples of these paired models are Buell's Firebolt and Lightning, Ducati's 916/748 through 1198/848 paired series, Honda's CBR600RR and F4i middleweights[4] and RC51 and CBR1000RR liter-class, several different concurrent models in Kawasaki's Ninja line, and Yamaha's R6 and 600R.[3]

Variations

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A BMW R1100RS sport-touring motorcycle.

Sport touring motorcycles share many features of sport bikes, but they are generally considered a class all their own. These are mid- to large-sized motorcycles that offer more carrying capacity, more relaxed ergonomics, and more versatility than specialized sport bikes, while being lighter and more agile than touring motorcycles.[30]

The Yamaha V-Max power cruiser.

Some sport bikes are marketed as race replicas, implying that the model sold to the public is identical to the one used in racing, or at least is closer to the racing version than non-replica models. Suffixes R or RR applied to model codes can be interpreted as standing for replica or race replica. Race Replica was used in the late 1970s UK where 250 cc models customized with full bodykits providing race-styling in factory team colors themed to the top-level of sponsored riders of the time were available marketed towards 'learner' riders who had not passed a driving test enabling their progression to large-capacity machines.[31][32][33] In 1982 Yamaha described their 1983 RD350 YPVS launched at the Cologne motorcycle show as "the nearest thing to a road going racer ever produced".[34]

The term race replica was then also used to distinguish the period of sport bike production from Japan and Europe since the mid-1980s having integrated race-styled bodywork, representing an evolution from the superbike period that began in 1969.[35] The sport bike, or race replica, era began with the 1983 Suzuki RG250 Gamma, the 1984 Honda VF750F and the 1985 Suzuki GSX-R750, and had full fairings.[36][37] Sport bikes with small or no fairings have proliferated since the mid-1990s. These are called naked bikes or streetfighters,[7][38] and they retain many of the performance features of other sport bikes, but besides abbreviated bodywork, they give the rider a more upright posture by using, for example, higher handlebars instead of clip ons. The streetfighter name, associated with motorcycle stunt riding and perhaps hooliganism on public roads, can imply higher performance than the sometimes more tame naked bike, which in some cases is a synonym for a standard motorcycle.[8] Others define naked bikes as equal in power and performance to sport bikes, merely absent the bodywork.[39]

The same period that saw the naked and streetfighter variants of the sport bike theme also had a resurgence of the versatile standard in response to demand for a return of the Universal Japanese Motorcycle.[4][9] Supermoto-style street bikes, constructed with a completely different set of priorities than a road racing style sport bike, have also entered the mainstream, offering another option for riders seeking a spirited riding experience. The nickname muscle bike has been applied to sport bikes that give engine output a disproportionate priority over braking, handling or aerodynamics, harking back to the Japanese superbikes of the 1970s.[9][40][41] A similar sensibility drives the so-called power cruiser motorcycles, based on cruiser class machines but with horsepower numbers in league with superbikes.[42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^
    • Hough, David L. (2003), More Proficient Motorcycling: The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well (2nd ed.), USA: BowTie Press, p. 253, ISBN 1-931993-03-3, sportbike: a motorcycle designed for aggressive performance, especially cornering
    • "sport bike n.", The Oxford English Dictionary OED Online (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 1989, retrieved 2010-06-04, …(b) a powerful, lightweight motorcycle, designed for optimal speed and handling
    • McCraw, Jim (July 2005), "About That Bike…", Popular Mechanics, vol. 182, no. 7, Hearst Magazines, pp. 68–70, ISSN 0032-4558, retrieved 2010-06-04
    • Domino, Kevin (2009), The Perfect Motorcycle: How to Choose, Find and Buy the Perfect New Or Used Bike, 671 Press, pp. 22, 50–51, 70, ISBN 0-9821733-3-4
    • Maher, Kevin; Greisler, Ben (1998), Chilton's Motorcycle Handbook, Haynes North America, pp. 2–11–2–12, ISBN 0-8019-9099-8
    • Bennett, Jim (1995), The Complete Motorcycle Book: A Consumer's Guide, Facts on File, pp. 15–16, 19–25, ISBN 0-8160-2899-0
  2. ^ Cameron, Kevin (1998), Sportbike Performance Handbook, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, p. 5, ISBN 0-7603-0229-4
  3. ^ a b c d e f Domino, Kevin (2009), The Perfect Motorcycle: How to Choose, Find and Buy the Perfect New Or Used Bike, 671 Press, pp. 22, 50–51, 70, ISBN 0-9821733-3-4
  4. ^ a b c d e Holmstrom, Darwin (2001), The Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles (2nd ed.), Alpha Books, pp. 20–21, 33–41, 334–358, 407, ISBN 0-02-864258-9
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  7. ^ a b c d e Walker, Mick (2001), Performance Motorcycles, Amber Books, Ltd. and Chartwell Books (Book Sales, Inc.), pp. 26, 58, 76, 102, ISBN 0-7858-1380-2
  8. ^ a b c d e Kresnak, Bill (2008), Motorcycling for Dummies, Hoboken, New Jersey: For Dummies, Wiley Publishing, pp. 63–64, 66–70, 132–141, ISBN 0-470-24587-5
  9. ^ a b c d e f Bennett, Jim (1995), The Complete Motorcycle Book: A Consumer's Guide, Facts on File, pp. 15–16, 19–25, ISBN 0-8160-2899-0
  10. ^ a b c Cocco, Gaetano (2004), Motorcycle Design and Technology, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, pp. 20–21, 34, 46, ISBN 0-7603-1990-1
  11. ^ Cossalter, Vittore (2006), Motorcycle Dynamics (2nd ed.), Lulu.com, pp. 79–80, ISBN 1-4303-0861-3, retrieved 2010-06-05[self-published source]
  12. ^ Cameron, Kevin (1998), Sportbike Performance Handbook, Cyclepro Series, Motorbooks Workshop / MPI Pub. Co., pp. 93, 106, ISBN 9780760302293, Wheelbase: The distance between the front and rear axle centerlines. This is a primary variable because it limits maximum acceleration, controls steering response speed, and has some stability effects. Intuition suggests that we use a long wheelbase for high-speed stability, and a short wheelbase for quick turning in lower speed going. Actually, that works in the reverse; at high speeds, gyro effects slow the steering down, so we need a short wheelbase to make the bike steer. High-speed circuits require taller gearing, which prevents the bike from wheelying much even with the short wheelbase. On lower speed going, a longer wheelbase is useful to allow use of more acceleration without lifting the front wheel. This is why big-engined Sportbikes have longer wheelbases.
    SINGLE PURPOSE SETUPS:
    A. If Braking Were Your Bike's Only Job To keep the rear tire on the ground and the bike steering controllably, major masses are moved rearward and lowered. Front suspension is stiff to carry percent of weight.[sic] Front tire is large for traction. Wheelbase is extended to prevent stoppies.
    B. If Corner Entry Were Your Bike's Only Job Masses are centralized to speed roll and turning. Rigid suspension eliminates suspension delays. Front tire is narrow for quick response. Wheelbase is minimum to speed steering.
    C. If Steady Turning Were Your Bike's Only Job Engine and rider are raised for cornering clearance, while suspension is supple to maintain maximum grip. F & R tires are equal sizes to carry equal loads.
    D. If Off-Corner Acceleration Were Your Bike's Only Job Major Masses are moved forward but not lowered (cornering clearance is needed initially). Wheelbase is long. Front suspension is soft to exploit grip with very light load.
  13. ^ Sports, Dorna. "Anti-wheelie technology in MotoGP: How does it work? | MotoGP". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  14. ^ a b c Cernicky, Mark (September 2008), "Master Bike XI", Cycle World, vol. 47, no. 8, Newport Beach, California: Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., ISSN 0011-4286
  15. ^ "Performance Index '10" (PDF), Motorcycle Consumer News, Bowtie Magazines, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010, retrieved January 3, 2010
  16. ^ a b Broughton, Paul; Walker, Linda (2009), Motorcycling and leisure: understanding the recreational PTW rider, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 3–4, ISBN 0-7546-7501-7, retrieved 2010-06-05
  17. ^ Hahn, Pat; Brasfield, Evans (2005), How to ride a motorcycle: a rider's guide to strategy, safety, and skill development, MotorBooks International, p. 45, ISBN 0-7603-2114-0
  18. ^ Atlas, Steve (January 25, 2010), "2009 Hyperbike Comparison (Suzuki Hayabusa, BMW K1300S)", MotorcycleUSA.com, retrieved 2010-06-05
  19. ^ "Poll: Are hyperbikes still relevant today?", Motor Cycle News, May 14, 2010, It's 20 years since the launch of the first 'hyperbike' – Kawasaki's awesome 173mph ZZ-R1100 which reigned world's fastest production bike through the first half of the 1990s until usurped by new hyperbikes such as Honda's CBR1100XX Super Blackbird and Suzuki's Hayabusa
  20. ^
  21. ^
  22. ^
    • Motorcycle Sport (UK magazine) July 1979 p. 343. Letters to the editor. "...I for one am not going to question whether there should be any restrictions on size, number of cylinders, etc, on any present or future motorcycles. Until now these 'hyper-bikes' have worked". Accessed 2015-05-10
    • Motor Cycle News 15 August 1979, p. 70. News. "Suzuki are completing tests on a new hyperbike likely to be launched at the Earls Court Motor Cycle Show which opens on August 25". Accessed and added 2015-05-10
    • Motor Cycle News 15 August 1979, p. 70. News. "Goodyear bounce back!" "Goodyear is back in the European motor cycle tyre business after an absence of nearly 15 years. Every category of machine from humble commuter to the super fast hyperbike is catered for in the new range of GoodYear [sic] tyres". Accessed and added 2015-06-12
    • Motor Cycle News 14 November 1979, p. 6. Editorial comment by Bob Berry. "Back to basics. "Paul Butler, of Yamaha Amsterdam, seems to think that the Japanese were forced to build the CBX, GS1000, Z1300 hyperbikes because we, the motorcycle Press, created the market". Accessed and added 2015-05-10
  23. ^
  24. ^ "Mopeds And Motorcycles Map No. 32". Worldmapper: The world as you've never seen it before. 2002. See data files for the statistics
  25. ^ Srivastava, Samar (November 27, 2008), "Suzuki targets slump-defying superbike segment", livemint.com
  26. ^ Backus, Richard (March–April 2008), 1978–1982 Honda CX500, Motorcycle Classics, retrieved February 25, 2009
  27. ^ De Cet, Mirco (2004), Essential Superbike, Motorbooks International, pp. 8–9, 18, 127, ISBN 0-7603-2007-1
  28. ^ The Dawn of the Superbike: Honda's Remarkable CB750, Motorcycle Hall of Fame, archived from the original on June 24, 2016, retrieved 2010-06-01
  29. ^ Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joseph F. Jr.; McDaniel, Carl (2008), Essentials of Marketing (6th ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 279, ISBN 0-324-65620-3
  30. ^
  31. ^ Motor Cycle News 15 August 1979, p.69 Dealer's advert. Barry Sheene 250 X7 Race Replica. Complete machine as shown £1150. John Walker Superbikes, 213 Cromford Road, Langley Mill.. Accessed and added 2015-05-10
  32. ^ Motor Cycle News 14 November 1979, p.68 Dealer's advert. Kork Ballington KH250 FLF Race Replica. Full kit (as shown) in Team Kawasaki race colours £1245. Fox M/Cs, 705 Woodborough Road, Mapperley Topp.. Accessed and added 2015-05-10
  33. ^ Motor Cycle News 10 October 1979, p.44 Dealer's advert. The sensational Mann designed Z250 Race Replica as first seen at the M/Cycle Show. Bol d'Or Group of Companies, the UK's most progressive Kawasaki specialists. Accessed and added 2015-05-13
  34. ^ Motor Cycle News 22 September 1982, pp.28-31 Special issue, Europe's biggest bike show. "The factory claim the '83 RD unveiled in West Germany is the nearest thing to a road going racer ever produced". Accessed and added 2015-05-13
  35. ^
  36. ^
    • For the 1983 Suzuki RG250 Gamma, see:
      • Kodack, Anthony (October 17, 2007). "Suzuki GSX-R750 Model Timeline". TopSpeed.com. Retrieved October 8, 2013. With the 1983 RG250 Gamma, Suzuki was the first factory to deliver a true racer replica using race-bred technology to the public. The next step was to build a 4-stroke 400cc machine for the Japanese home market and a year later a 750cc machine, culmination to the Suzuki's racing experiences in the World Endurance, AMA Superbike and Championship. The GSX-R750 was first presented at the 1984 IFMA Cologne Show in West Germany. Although it was fully street legal, it was clear that it was built even to compete in the various Worldwide Championships.
      • "Suzuki RG250 Gamma". 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan. Retrieved September 12, 2013. The Suzuki RG250G was the dream machine of road bikes, developed using technologies that Suzuki had accumulated on the Grand Prix racing circuit. Every imaginable technology was packed into the machine, including the first aluminum square-pipe frame in the world to be used on a mass-market motorcycle.
      • Chaterji, Pablo (February 18, 2005). "Suzuki RG 250 Gamma - Gamma Ray". Business Standard. Retrieved September 5, 2013. Cue 1983, when Suzuki presented the RG250 Gamma and turned the class on its head. Although many motorcycles had been called road-legal racers before the Gamma, the RG was perhaps the first mass-produced motorcycle with a lightweight aluminum frame and a racing-type aerodynamic fairing, and it started a new trend in the process. Suzuki used all their two-stroke knowledge and racetrack experience when building the Gamma and it showed – it was light, fast, handled superbly and was an instant box-office hit in the racing circuits.
    • For the 1984 Honda VF750F see:
    • For the 1985 Suzuki GSX-R750 see:
      • De Cet, Mirco (2004), Essential Superbike, Motorbooks International, pp. 8–9, 18, 127, ISBN 0-7603-2007-1
      • Walker, Mick (2001), Performance Motorcycles, Amber Books, Ltd. and Chartwell Books (Book Sales, Inc.), pp. 26, 58, 76, 102, ISBN 0-7858-1380-2
      • Kodack, Anthony (October 17, 2007). "Suzuki GSX-R750 Model Timeline". TopSpeed.com. Retrieved October 8, 2013. With the 1983 RG250 Gamma, Suzuki was the first factory to deliver a true racer replica using race-bred technology to the public. The next step was to build a 4-stroke 400cc machine for the Japanese home market and a year later a 750cc machine, culmination to the Suzuki's racing experiences in the World Endurance, AMA Superbike and Championship. The GSX-R750 was first presented at the 1984 IFMA Cologne Show in West Germany. Although it was fully street legal, it was clear that it was built even to compete in the various Worldwide Championships.
  37. ^ Maher, Kevin; Greisler, Ben (1998), Chilton's Motorcycle Handbook, Haynes North America, pp. 2–11–2–12, ISBN 0-8019-9099-8
  38. ^ Fraser, Colin (May 12, 2000), "It may be naked and a street fighter, but don't call Buell a UJM", National Post, Don Mills, Ontario, p. F.4
  39. ^ Eldridge, Earle (March 31, 2004), "Sales pop a wheelie as motorcycles get naked", USA Today, p. 03B, The industry is buzzing about "naked bikes," high-performance sport motorcycles that are stripped of the large, colorful and curvy plastic moldings called fairings mounted around the engine, frame and underbody of most sport bikes.
  40. ^ Stermer, Bill (December 2002), "The Next Wave; The future of motorcycling is on display at Germany's Itermot Show", American Motorcyclist, American Motorcyclist Association, pp. 32–35, 55, retrieved 2010-06-04
  41. ^ "Monster Ducati", American Motorcyclist, American Motorcyclist Association, p. 29, February 1993, retrieved 2010-06-04
  42. ^ Stermer, Bill (January 2002), "Road Star Warrior; Yamaha arms its entrant in the power cruiser wars", American Motorcyclist, American Motorcyclist Association, p. 19, retrieved June 4, 2010
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