Ming Cult
| Ming Cult | |||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 明教 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 明教 | ||||||||||
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The Ming Cult is a fictional cult and martial arts school featured in the wuxia novel The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber by Jin Yong, first published in serial form from 1961 to 1963. It is also briefly mentioned in The Legend of the Condor Heroes, another novel also by Jin Yong. It is loosely based on Manichaeism, an actual gnostic religion which originated in Persia in the 3rd century CE and later spread to other parts of the world, including China. The cult's headquarters is at Bright Peak (光明頂; guāngmíng dǐng) in the Kunlun Mountains and it has several other bases spread throughout China. Its most powerful skills are the "Heaven and Earth Great Shift" (乾坤大挪移; qián kūn dà nuó yí) and the "Martial Arts of the Holy Flame Tablets" (聖火令武功; shèng huǒ lìng wǔ gōng).
Background in the novel
[edit]In The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber, the Ming Cult is also known as the "Cult of Mani" (摩尼教; mó ní jiào) to martial artists in the jianghu but its more common name is "Mo Jiao" (魔教; mó jiào), which literally means "Demonic Cult". The cult originated in Persia and spread to China in the seventh century.
The cult is secretive and conducts its activities far away from the eyes of other schools in the wǔlín (武林 "martial artists' community"). Its founding principles also deviate largely from other schools. While others typically seek to achieve a dominant position in the wǔlín, the Ming Cult strongly adheres to its faith and laws, which revolve around the notion of "delivering humankind from suffering and eliminating evil". This is aptly summed up in a mantra widely repeated by its members, which goes:
熊熊聖火，焚我殘軀。生亦何哀，死亦何苦？為善除惡，惟光明故。喜樂悲愁，皆歸塵土。憐我世人，憂患實多！憐我世人，憂患實多！
The blazing holy flame burns my withered body. Life is lamentable, but death is also painful. Only with the brightness can we do good and exterminate evil. Joy and sorrow will all become dirt and dust eventually. Pity the people of my world! They face many hardships indeed! Pity the people of my world! They face many hardships indeed![1]
The cult is actually a righteous school and not an evil cult as it is perceived in the wǔlín.[1] Though it was welcomed during the Tang dynasty, it faces persecution later on by the government during the Song dynasty due to slanderous remarks made by its enemies in the imperial court. Apart from that, many martial artists and schools in the wǔlín who are unaware of the cult's real motives due to its conservative nature often speculate that it is inherently evil and start spreading rumors. The cult's image in society and in the wǔlín is adversely affected and marred, and it often struggles to survive in the face of powerful rivals who seek to destroy it.
During the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the Ming Cult starts a rebellion to overthrow the corrupt Yuan government and restore peace and order.[1] However, its objective is not echoed by other schools and the common people; conversely, it faces hostility from them. The six leading orthodox schools in the wǔlín – Shaolin, Wudang, Emei, Kunlun, Kongtong and Mount Hua – form an alliance to attack the cult at its headquarters on Bright Peak.[1]
The Ming Cult's newly elected leader, Zhang Wuji, resolves the conflict and opens the cult to the wǔlín for the first time. Views and attitudes towards the cult start to change for the better, and the cult earns strong support in its mission to topple the Yuan government.[1] Zhang Wuji eventually passes the leadership of the Ming Cult to Yang Xiao and retires from the jianghu. Zhu Yuanzhang, a minor leader in the cult, betrays his fellows and unites all rebel factions in China under his control. He ultimately topples the Yuan dynasty, defeats his rivals such as Chen Youliang, and establishes the Ming dynasty.
Organisation
[edit]The cult is headed by its leader, called the jiào zhǔ (教主; 'cult master'). The Left and Right Bright Messengers (左右光明使; zuǒyòu guāngmíng shǐ) serve as the leader's deputies. The cult also has four Guardian Kings (護教法王; hù jiào fǎ wáng) who assist the leader in overseeing the cult's activities. Ranked below the Guardian Kings are the chiefs of the five banner divisions (旗主; qí zhǔ). The five divisions are each named after one of the Five Elements (Earth, Fire, Water, Wood, Metal). The cult's members are spread throughout these five banners. The cult has headquarters and bases spread throughout the land and are often disguised as ordinary buildings, such as inns and shops, to avoid identification by the government. The cult's main headquarters, called the zǒngtán (總壇), is based on Bright Peak (光明頂; guāngmíng dǐng) in the Kunlun Mountains.[1]
The Ming Cult's structure in Persia differs from the one in China. In Persia, the cult is led by a woman who is selected from three specially chosen virgins called "Holy Maidens" (聖女; shèng nǚ). There are twelve Guardian Kings (寶樹王; bǎo shù wáng) instead of four. The Three Messengers (Wind, Cloud and Moon) are tasked with safekeeping the Holy Flame Tablets, the cult's most sacred artifacts. They are also the most powerful in martial arts of all the cult's members in Persia.[1]
Heaven and Earth Great Shift
[edit]The "Heaven and Earth Great Shift" (乾坤大挪移; qián kūn dà nuó yí; 'Universal Grand Shift')[2][3] also translated into English as "Universal Grand Shift",[4] is one of the Ming Cult's most powerful skills.[5] It is also the signature skill of Zhang Wuji, the protagonist of The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber.[6] Zhang Wuji learns it in the forbidden area of the Ming Cult's headquarters at Bright Peak in the Kunlun Mountains,[7] where the general altar of the Ming Cult in China is located.[8]
The "Heaven and Earth Great Shift" originated from the Ming Cult of Persia,[9] and is the most powerful skill in the Western Regions.[10] It is a martial art handed down from generation to generation in the Ming Cult[11] and only the leader of the cult is qualified to cultivate it.[12] (Although Yang Xiao was allowed to study it for many years when he wasn't the undisputed leader).
The main purpose of the "Heaven and Earth Great Shift" is to reverse the two kinds of qi of Heaven and Earth,[13] namely rigidity and softness, yin and yang, and the red colour of the cultivator's face indicates the sinking of blood and the transformation of true qi in the body.[14]
Heavenly Eagle Cult
[edit]The Heavenly Eagle Cult (天鷹教; 天鹰教; Tiān Yīng Jiào) was founded by one of the Ming Cult's Guardian Kings, "White Brows Eagle King" Yin Tianzheng. Yin left the Ming Cult in anger during its internal conflict and established his own school. The Heavenly Eagle Cult does not follow the Ming Cult's original practices and customs but its members are still morally disciplined. The Heavenly Eagle Cult is often regarded as a branch of the Ming Cult and deemed to be as equally evil and unorthodox in the wulin because of Yin Tianzheng's affiliation with the Ming Cult. The Heavenly Eagle Cult merges with the Ming Cult after Yin Tianzheng's maternal grandson, Zhang Wuji, becomes the new leader of the Ming Cult.[1]
Connection to historical Manichaeism
[edit]The names Ming Jiao (literally "Religion of Light") and Moni Jiao (literally "Religion of Mani") were used in China during the Song dynasty to describe the faith practiced by Chinese adherents of Manichaeism such as the White Lotus.[15]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Cha, Louis. The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (倚天屠龍記). Ming Pao, 1961.
- ^ Eldon A. Mainyu (16 August 2012). Ming Cult. Aud Publishing. ISBN 978-620-1-90597-9.
- ^ "陈能端：成功必经之路". Lianhe Zaobao. 2014-08-24.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Liu Wei."Might is right". China Daily. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
- ^ Liang Shouzhong (1 January 2019). History of Wuxia Novels. Tianjin People’s Publishing House. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-7-201-15090-1. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ Ding Xingliang; Chen Zhiping (1 February 2011). Decisive Channel: Top Ten Strategies and Control of Major Customers. China Economic Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-7-5136-0130-6. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ Yan Junjie (13 December 2013). Cage Gate Inn. Mentor Publishing. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-967-419-059-0. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ Ning Zongyi; Liu Guohui; Cui Shenghong (1992). A Dictionary of Chinese Wuxia Novel Appreciation. International Culture Publishing Company. ISBN 9787800497131. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
- ^ "Financial Review: Huawei's Bright Summit Peak (Huang Yinhua)". Apple Daily. Jun 4, 2019. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ "Comparing Jin Yong's Top 10 Martial Arts Dramas". People's Daily. 2013-08-08.
- ^ Jin Yong Martial Arts Map. Rural Reading Press. 2004. pp. 205–. ISBN 9787504843241. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
- ^ Zhao Chenguang (24 April 2015). Workplace Arena: the "wisdom" of the world without any tricks. Longmen Bookstore. pp. 190–. GGKEY:5N8AD24LN4C. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ Jin Yong (1998). A Deadly Secret. Culture and Art Publishing House. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-7-5039-1841-4. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
- ^ Wu Bu Tian Xia III Against Tian Jiu Bian. Hunan People's Publishing House. 1 November 2013. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-7-5438-9945-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1992), Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, Volume 63 of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament (2 ed.), Mohr Siebeck, pp. 287, 303, ISBN 3161458206, archived from the original on 2018-07-19, retrieved 2016-10-31
