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Violence in ice hockey

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This article is about uniformly illegal violent acts. For condoned fighting, see Fighting in ice hockey.
Linesmen attempt to break up a fight around the Tampa Bay goal during the first ice hockey playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Violence has been a part of ice hockey since at least the early 1900s. According to the book Hockey: A People's History, in 1904 alone, four players were killed during hockey games from the frequent brawls and violent stickwork.[1]

More modern examples of violence include brawls, bench-clearing brawls, fighting, fan involvement,[2] physical abuse of officials and deliberately injuring opponents. Violent actions such as kicking, hitting from behind and prohibited stickwork, are penalized with suspensions or fines. Fighting, or fisticuffs, is also penalized but is considered by many hockey enthusiasts, particularly in North America, to be quite distinct from stick-swinging or other violent acts. They regard fighting as an entrenched, acceptable and integral part of the game.

On the ice, referees may impose penalties for prohibited activities. Off the ice, the National Hockey League (NHL) sometimes fines, suspends or expels players. The criminal justice system has also occasionally charged and convicted players. As a result, hockey has become much more regulated and the violent element much more controlled. This has been aided, in no small part, by dramatic increases in disciplinary processes and technology allowing for a high level of scrutiny of any event which occurs.

History

[edit]

Early hockey in particular was noted for its extreme violence, to the point where two players were killed in three years during brawls. In both cases, the accused assailants were acquitted, but these and other bloody incidents led to calls for the sport to clean up its act or be banned along with the likes of cockfighting.[3] The worst of the violence waned, particularly with the advent of regulations for quasi-legal fisticuffs, though incidents continue to occur from time to time.

Cully Wilson, right winger with the Seattle Metropolitans, slashed Vancouver Millionaires center Mickey MacKay over the mouth during the 1919 PCHA season. MacKay suffered a fractured jaw and missed the rest of the season. When the season was over PCHA chief disciplinarian Frank Patrick banned Wilson from the league,[4][5] and Wilson never played in the PCHA again.

Billy Coutu was the first, and to date only, player banned from the NHL for life for violence in 1927; he assaulted referee Jerry Laflamme and tackled referee Billy Bell before starting a bench-clearing brawl during a Stanley Cup game between the Boston Bruins and Ottawa Senators, apparently on the orders of Bruins Head Coach Art Ross. The NHL's first president, Frank Calder, expelled Coutu from the NHL for life; the ban was lifted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again.

Other incidents include the December 12, 1933, event when Eddie Shore rammed Toronto Maple Leafs star Ace Bailey from behind, causing Bailey to strike his head on the ice; Bailey never played hockey again. More recently, controversy and criminal charges have resulted from violent attacks by Marty McSorley, Todd Bertuzzi and Chris Simon.

Players who are banned in the American Hockey League (AHL) for violence are not permitted in the ECHL, and vice versa, because of their agreements with the Professional Hockey Players' Association.

In January 2012, David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, said that violence such as headshots, high-sticking and fighting should not be part of the sport.[6]

Reports investigating violence

[edit]

There have been two major Canadian reports on violence in hockey. In 1974, William McMurtry provided a report for the Government of Ontario entitled Investigation and Inquiry into Violence in Amateur Hockey. In 2000, Bernie Pascall prepared a report for the Government of British Columbia entitled Eliminating Violence in Hockey.[7]

On-ice incidents resulting in charges

[edit]
Alcide Laurin.
Allan Loney.
Owen "Bud" McCourt.
Charles Masson.
Edgar Dey.
  • 1905 – Allan Loney was charged with manslaughter in the on-ice clubbing death of Alcide Laurin. Loney claimed self-defence, and was found not guilty.[8]
  • 1907 – Ottawa Hockey Club players Harry Smith, Alf Smith and Charles Spittal were charged with assault after beating Montreal Wanderers players Hod Stuart, Ernie "Moose" Johnson and Cecil Blachford with their sticks. Harry Smith was acquitted while Spittal and Alf Smith were each fined $20.[9]
  • 1907 – Ottawa Victorias player Charles Masson was charged with manslaughter after Cornwall player Owen McCourt died of a head wound sustained in a brawl. Masson was found not guilty on the grounds that there was no way to know which blow had killed McCourt.[10]
  • 1908 – Charles Spittal (of Renfrew Riversides) arrested for knocking out Oren Frood of Pembroke (UOVHL) on January 17, 1908. Charge was withdrawn on January 20, 1908.[11]
  • 1910 – Rusty Crawford, while a member of the Prince Albert Mintos, assaulted Reginald Brehaut of the Saskatoon Strathconas in a game in Saskatoon on January 11, 1910. Crawford was later found guilty of assault on January 19 in a Saskatoon city police court and fined $5 and costs.[12]
  • 1912 – Edgar Dey was fined $50 by Halifax magistrate's court in Nova Scotia for assaulting Patsy Séguin in a January 5 MPHL game between the Halifax Socials and Halifax Crescents.[13] Dey himself died the following month on February 13 from chest injuries thought to stem partly from his tussle with Séguin.[14]
  • 1912 – Sprague Cleghorn of the Montreal Wanderers pleaded guilty in a Toronto court of assaulting Newsy Lalonde of the Montreal Canadiens with his stick in a pre-season exhibition game at the Arena Gardens in Toronto on December 21, 1912. Cleghorn was fined $50 by Judge Morgan on December 28.[15]
  • 1915 – A riot broke out at the end of a game on January 2, 1915 between Ottawa College and the Cleveland Athletic Club at the Elysium Arena in Cleveland, and Ottawa College goaltender Vincent Doran was arrested on a charge for assaulting Cleveland player Elmer Irving. Irving refused to prosecute and the case was dropped in a Cleveland police court on January 4.[16]
  • 1915 – Roy McGiffin of the Toronto Blueshirts and Art Ross of the Ottawa Senators were involved in a fist fight with each other in a NHA game between the two clubs on February 17, 1915 which had both players arrested. They were released on $100 bail each, and later appeared in court where they were fined $1 and costs. McGiffin and Ross tossed a coin to determine who would pay the $8 bill, with McGiffin ending up paying for both.[17][18]
  • 1916 – Skene Ronan of the Montreal Canadiens assaulted Alf Skinner of the Toronto Blueshirts in a NHA game between the two clubs on January 22, 1916 which had him arrested by police and taken to the Agnes Street station in Toronto, although he was later released on $200 bail.[19] The incident went to trial and Ronan was acquitted of the charge on January 31 before Judge Winchester in Toronto, with Canadiens manager George Kennedy acting as a witness for the defense.[20]
  • 1918 – Joe Hall of the Montreal Canadiens and Alf Skinner of the Toronto Arenas were both arrested after an NHL game on January 28, 1918 after they had hit each other violently with their sticks. Hall and Skinner appeared in a Toronto court together on January 29 and both were released after being handed a suspended sentence.[21]
  • 1922 – Sprague Cleghorn of the Montreal Canadiens injured three Ottawa Senators players (Frank Nighbor, Eddie Gerard and Cy Denneny) in a game on February 1, leading Ottawa police to offer to arrest him.[22]
  • 1969 – In a pre-season game held in Ottawa, Ted Green of the Boston Bruins and Wayne Maki of the St. Louis Blues engaged in a violent, stick-swinging brawl. A fractured skull and brain damage caused Green to miss the entire 1969–70 season.[23] The NHL suspended Maki for 30 days and Green for 13 games. Both men were acquitted in court.
  • 1972 – St. Louis Blues head coach Al Arbour and players John Arbour, Phil Roberto, and Floyd Thomson were charged with disorderly conduct and assault and battery on police officers following a brawl with fans and the police during a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. All charges were later dropped.
  • 1975 – Dan Maloney of the Detroit Red Wings was charged with assault causing bodily harm after he attacked Brian Glennie of the Toronto Maple Leafs from behind. In exchange for a no-contest plea, Maloney did community service work and was banned from playing in Toronto for two seasons.
  • 1975 – Police charged Boston Bruins player Dave Forbes with aggravated assault after a fight with Henry Boucha of the Minnesota North Stars. After a nine-day trial ended with a hung jury, charges against Forbes were dropped. Boucha suffered blurred vision from the incident and never fully recovered.
  • 1976 – Philadelphia Flyers players Joe Watson, Mel Bridgman, Don Saleski and Bob "Hound" Kelly were charged with assault after using their hockey sticks as weapons in a violent playoff game between the Flyers and the Toronto Maple Leafs in which fans had been taunting the Flyers players and spitting at them. Bridgman was acquitted, but the other three Flyers were found guilty of simple assault.
  • 1976 – Calgary Cowboys forward Rick Jodzio plead guilty to a charge of assault following a cross-check to the head of Quebec Nordiques player Marc Tardif during the World Hockey Association (WHA) playoffs. The hit led to a 20-minute bench-clearing brawl.[24]
  • 1977 – Dave "Tiger" Williams of the Toronto Maple Leafs hit the Pittsburgh Penguins' Dennis Owchar with his stick. He was charged with assault, but acquitted.
  • 1980 – Jimmy Mann of the Winnipeg Jets left the bench and sucker-punched Pittsburgh Penguin Paul Gardner, breaking Gardner's jaw in two places. Mann was fined $500 and given a suspended sentence in Winnipeg.
  • 1988 – Dino Ciccarelli hit Maple Leafs defenceman Luke Richardson with his stick. Charged and convicted of assault, he was sentenced to one day in jail and fined $1,000.
  • 1992 – Enrico Ciccone of the IHL's Kalamazoo Wings was arrested on a battery charge after San Diego Gulls photographer Essy Ghavameddini was cut and received a deep bruise below his left eye that required stitches. Ciccone assaulted him after entering the penalty box from where Ghavameddini was photographing the game.[25]
  • 1998 – Jesse Boulerice of the Plymouth Whalers was suspended for the rest of the playoffs after violently swinging his stick at Guelph Storm forward Andrew Long. Boulerice was charged with assault as a result of the incident.
  • 1999 – Dean Trboyevich of the Anchorage Aces (West Coast Hockey League) cross-checked Jacques Mailhot of the Fresno Falcons in the face and was arrested at his hotel after the game, and was later released on a $20,000 bail.[26]
  • 2000 – Marty McSorley of the Boston Bruins hit Vancouver Canucks player Donald Brashear in the head with his stick in the waning moments of the game, after losing a fight to Brashear earlier in the game. McSorley was convicted of assault with a weapon and given an 18-month conditional discharge.
  • 2004 – In the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, Bertuzzi of the Vancouver Canucks sucker-punched Moore of the Colorado Avalanche in the back of the head, knocking him unconscious. The pair then fell to the ice with Bertuzzi's weight crushing Moore face-first into the ice, followed by several players from both teams further piling onto the mêlée. Moore sustained three fractured vertebrae, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves and facial lacerations. Bertuzzi was charged by police and given a conditional discharge after pleading guilty to assault causing bodily harm. His suspension resulted in a loss of $500,000 in pay and the Canucks were fined $250,000. Bertuzzi was re-instated in 2005, after a 20 game suspension and an international ban during the 2004-05 lockout season. A civil suit filed by Moore, seeking CAD$68 million in damages and loss of income, was settled on August 19, 2014. The terms of this settlement are confidential.
  • 2015 – During the warm up before a qualifier to the SHL, André Deveaux from Rögle BK assaulted Västerås IK's unsuspecting Per Helmersson. Deveaux swung his stick and slashed Helmersson twice. The attack was retaliation for a hit from behind by Helmersson in the game before, which Deveaux claimed caused him a minor concussion. Both players could complete both games, and Deveaux was only disciplined after the game.[27][28] Deveaux was charged for the attack, but the charges were later dropped.[29]
  • 2015 – During an Allsvenskan (Sweden's second tier league) game on March 5, 2015 Rögle BK forward Jakob Lilja cross-checked Malmö Redhawks defenceman Jens Olsson from behind in the neck area. Lilja received a 10-game suspension, with four of the games converted into a monetary fine as per custom. Over three years later, on July 10, 2018 the Supreme Court of Sweden, after the case had first gone through the lower District Court of Malmö, handed Lilja a one-month probation sentence while removing the earlier imposed monetary fine because Lilja had already been imposed a fine by the ice hockey Disciplinary Committee.[30]
  • 2023 - Adam Johnson of the Nottingham Panthers in the Elite Ice Hockey League died on October 28 as a result of skate slash to his neck by Matt Petgrave during a game.[31] Petgrave was later arrested on suspicion of manslaughter on November 14, and released on bail.[32][33] The incident renewed a debate about the safety of the sport and the International Ice Hockey Federation and multiple national associations made neck guards mandatory to be worn at all levels. [34][35]

Longest suspensions

[edit]

All of these incidents are in the NHL of the United States and Canada, unless noted otherwise.

Name Team Length Date Offense
Slava Voynov Los Angeles Kings 1+1⁄2 years April 2019 Unacceptable off ice conduct (Voynov was arrested for misdemeanor domestic violence in October 2014 and was originally banned indefinitely following his arrest; he was suspended for the entire 2019–20 NHL season. The neutral arbitrator upheld his suspension, but he was credited for serving 41 games. Therefore, he became eligible for reinstatement in January 2020.)[36]
Billy Coutu Boston Bruins 2+1⁄2 years April 1927 Assaulted referee Jerry Laflamme, tackled referee Billy Bell and started a Stanley Cup bench-clearing brawl, apparently on the orders of coach Art Ross (Originally banned for life, but penalty was commuted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again.)
Dan Maloney Detroit Red Wings 2 years November 1975 Mentioned above (Banned from playing in Toronto only)
Damir Ryspayev Barys Astana (KHL) 1+1⁄2 years August 2016 Initiated a violent bench-clearing brawl against Tomáš Marcinko and other players from Red Star Kunlun during a preseason game[37] (Originally banned for life; penalty was commuted after 1 year and 5 months.)
Alexander Perezhogin Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) 89 games April 2004 Slashed Garrett Stafford in the head (Perezhogin was suspended for five 2004 playoff games plus all 80 regular season games and four playoff games of the 2004–05 season, but the Russian Superleague did not honor his suspension unlike Todd Bertuzzi's suspension, so he was able to play in that league's 2004-05 season.)
Todd Bertuzzi Vancouver Canucks 17 months
(20 games—13 regular season games plus seven playoff games) 		March 2004 Mentioned above (Since there was a labour dispute in the NHL the ensuing year, and the NHL is an IIHF member, the suspension was good for all IIHF member leagues in the ensuing season. Reinstated by the NHL Commissioner on August 8, 2005.)
André Deveaux Rögle BK (SHL Qualifier) 10+1⁄2 months March 2015 Assaulted unsuspecting Per Helmersson during a warmup (Deveaux subsequently agreed to terminate his contract.)[38]
Michael Liambas Erie Otters (OHL) 68 games (64 regular season, 4 playoffs) October 2009 Check to the head of the Kitchener Rangers' Ben Fanelli, giving him a fractured skull. Suspension ended Liambas' OHL career. Fanelli eventually recovered.
Raffi Torres San Jose Sharks 41 games October 2015 Illegal check to the head on Jakob Silfverberg and interference (longest non-lifetime suspension in NHL history; suspension length was issued because Torres had nine previous instances of NHL rule violations which required supplemental discipline rather than the check itself)
Shane Pinto Ottawa Senators October 2023 Violated NHL's gambling rules[39]
Chris Simon New York Islanders 30 games December 2007 Stomped on Jarkko Ruutu's ankle during a timeout[40]
Ari Lähteenmäki HIFK (SM-liiga) 27 games November 1986 Cross-checked Petri Lampinen in the face (with enough force to break the stick), and struck his head into the ice repeatedly. Longest suspension in SM-liiga's history.[41]
Austin Watson Nashville Predators September 2018 Unacceptable off-ice conduct (Watson was arrested for domestic assault in June 2018; suspension was reduced to 18 games upon appeal)[42]
Chris Simon New York Islanders 25 games March 2007 Slashed Ryan Hollweg in the head
Jesse Boulerice Philadelphia Flyers October 2007 Cross-checked Ryan Kesler in the face
Marty McSorley Boston Bruins 23 games February 2000 Mentioned above (After his assault conviction, his NHL suspension was extended to one full year from the time of the incident, through February 21, 2001; however, McSorley did not sign a new contract before the next season, and never played in the NHL again.)
Gordie Dwyer Tampa Bay Lightning September 2000 Left the penalty box to try and engage in a fight and verbally and physically abused officials during a preseason game (Dwyer was suspended for remainder of preseason and 21 regular season games; he was also fined $10,000.)
Jan-Axel Alavaara MoDo Hockey (SHL) 22 games 1998 Intentionally skated into an official[38]
Dale Hunter Washington Capitals 21 games April 1993 Deliberately hit and injured Pierre Turgeon after Turgeon had scored (incident occurred in Capitals' final playoff game; suspension carried over to first 21 games of next regular season)
Raffi Torres Phoenix Coyotes April 2012 Illegal check of Marián Hossa in the head (originally 25 games, reduced to 21 games on appeal)
Evander Kane San Jose Sharks October 2021 Violated The NHL's COVID-19 Protocols
Matt Nickerson Milton Keynes Lightning

(EIHL)

20 games January 2018 Abusing an official and striking a fan [43]
Tom Lysiak Chicago Black Hawks October 1983 Automatic suspension for intentionally tripping linesman Ron Foyt with his stick
Brad May Phoenix Coyotes November 2000 Slashed Steve Heinze in the nose
Steve Downie Philadelphia Flyers September 2007 Threw himself at Dean McAmmond behind the net
Dennis Wideman Calgary Flames January 2016 Cross-checked linesman Don Henderson from behind (reduced to 10 games on appeal in March 2016)
Tom Kühnhackl Niagara IceDogs (OHL) November 2011 Charging and elbowing Ryan Murphy
Patrice Cormier Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL) January 2010 Elbowing Mikael Tam
Didrik Nøkleby Svendsen Sparta Warriors (GET-ligaen) November 2017 Forcefully and repeatedly punching a defenseless opponent in the head during a post-game brawl.
Tom Wilson Washington Capitals October 2018 Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game (reduced to 14 games on appeal in November 2018)
Sergei Belokon Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) 18 games December 2010 Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Semir Ben-Amor Jokerit (then SM-liiga) September 2012 Assaulted Ville Peltonen by illegally checking him and beating him while he was down; the team was also fined €40,000.[44]
Matt Cooke Pittsburgh Penguins 17 games March 2011 Elbowed Ryan McDonagh in the head. Cooke was suspended for remainder of regular season and round one of 2011 playoffs.
Tomas Javeblad Luleå HF (SHL) 1990 Attacked a referee over a goal that Javeblad disagreed with[45]
Eddie Shore Boston Bruins 16 games December 1933 Sucker punched Ace Bailey from behind
Rafael Rotter Vienna Capitals (EBHL) 16 games December 2010 Attacked the referee after a high stick infraction was not called.
Maurice Richard Montreal Canadiens 15 games March 1955 Knocked out linesman Cliff Thompson during a fight with Hal Laycoe; this incident led to the Richard Riot. Richard was suspended for the rest of the 1954–55 season including playoffs.
Wilf Paiement Colorado Rockies October 1978 Caused deliberate facial injuries to Dennis Polonich
Dave Brown Philadelphia Flyers November 1987 Cross-checked and injured Tomas Sandström. Brown was suspended for 13 regular season games and 2 games against the New York Rangers.
Tony Granato Los Angeles Kings February 1994 Slashed Neil Wilkinson in the head.
Shawn Thornton Boston Bruins December 2013 Punched Brooks Orpik in the head while he was on his back on the ice.
Steffen Thoresen Vålerenga Ishockey (GET-ligaen) March 2011 Knocking Lørenskog player Eerikki Koivu down to the ice, then repeatedly punching his head as he was down.
Josh Gratton Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) December 2010 Participating in a mass brawl.
Ivan Larin Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) 14 games December 2010 Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Sebastian Karlsson Linköpings HC (SHL) November 2011 Illegal check to the head on Magnus Kahnberg that caused a concussion requiring hospitalization.[46] Karlsson was suspended for 11 SHL games plus 3 national team games.
Tom Wilson Washington Capitals September 2018 Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game (reduced to 14 games on appeal in November 2018).
Wayne Maki St. Louis Blues 30 days September 1969 Mentioned above
Ted Green Boston Bruins 13 games September 1969 Mentioned above
André Roy Tampa Bay Lightning April 2002 Left the penalty box and physically abused a linesman while trying to start a fight with players in the New York Rangers penalty box.
Matti Lamberg Ässät (Liiga) September 2017 Charged Valtteri Hietanen with a check to the head[47]
David Shaw New York Rangers 12 games October 1988 Slashed Mario Lemieux in the throat
Ron Hextall Philadelphia Flyers May 1989 Attacked Chris Chelios
Matt Johnson Los Angeles Kings November 1998 Sucker punched Jeff Beukeboom in the back of the head
Brantt Myhres San Jose Sharks February 1999 Left the bench to attack Mattias Norström
Darcy Verot Vityaz Chekhov (KHL) December 2010 Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Owen Nolan San Jose Sharks 11 games February 2001 Hit Grant Marshall in the face with his stick
Tie Domi Toronto Maple Leafs May 2001 Elbowed Scott Niedermayer in the face. Domi was suspended for the remainder of the 2001 playoffs (3 playoff games plus 8 regular season games).
Jimmy Mann Winnipeg Jets 10 games October 1980 Mentioned above
Peter Lindmark Malmö IF (SHL) 1996 Swung his stick at the referee's head[46]
Ruslan Salei Mighty Ducks of Anaheim October 1999 Checked Mike Modano face-first into the boards from behind
Scott Niedermayer New Jersey Devils March 2000 Slashed Peter Worrell in the head
Kip Brennan Los Angeles Kings December 2003 Automatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in a brawl after being ejected for roughing an opponent.
Eric Godard Pittsburgh Penguins February 2011 Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight Micheal Haley after Haley had challenged Pittsburgh goalie, Brent Johnson during the Penguins-Islanders brawl.
Trevor Gillies New York Islanders March 2011 Dangerous hit on Cal Clutterbuck in first game back from a nine-game suspension as a result of the Penguins–Islanders brawl.
David Clarkson Toronto Maple Leafs September 2013 Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to engage in a fight
Paul Bissonnette Phoenix Coyotes September 2013 Automatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight a Los Angeles Kings player on an illegal ice change
Patrick Kaleta Buffalo Sabres October 2013 Delivered illegal check to the head of Jack Johnson
Antoine Vermette Anaheim Ducks February 2017 Automatic suspension for slashing linesman Shandor Alphonso
Luke Witkowski Detroit Red Wings November 2017 Automatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in an altercation with Matthew Tkachuk after being ejected by the officials
Radko Gudas Philadelphia Flyers November 2017 Slashed Mathieu Perreault in the neck

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • McKinley, Michael (2006). Hockey: A People's History. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0771057717.
  • Chi-Kit Wong, John (2009). Coast to Coast: Hockey in Canada to the Second World War. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802095329.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Drewery, Laine (Writer and Director); Chong, Wayne (Producer) (2006). Hockey: A People's History, Episode 1 - A simple game, DVD Chapter — From sport to spectacle (DVD). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  2. ^ YouYube Video, "Boston Bruins go into the stands in 1979, https://youtube.com/watch?v=fpbD6W7YT5A
  3. ^ McKinley, Michael: "Hockey: A People's History," pages 27-28. McClelland & Stewart, 2006.
  4. ^ "Injuries of Mickey MacKay are serious" The Calgary Daily Herald, March 3, 1919.
  5. ^ "Mickey MacKay may return to oldtime form" The Morning Leader, October 31, 1924.
  6. ^ "Fighting has no place in hockey, GG says". CBC. January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  7. ^ Violence, Not Part of Youth Hockey Archived 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, pilot project working paper, Nanaimo Minor Hockey Association, September 10, 2003
  8. ^ McKinley, Michael: "Hockey: A People's History," page 27. McClelland & Stewart, 2006.
  9. ^ Chi-Kit Wong 2009, pp. 160–161
  10. ^ McKinley, Michael: "Hockey: A People's History," page 28. McClelland & Stewart, 2006.
  11. ^ "Spittal charge withdrawn" Ottawa Citizen. Jan. 20, 1908 (p. 8). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  12. ^ "Crawford guilty and fined $5 – Some Strong Cross Swearing on the Hockey Assault Case in the Police Court". The Daily Phoenix (Star-Phoenix), Saskatoon. January 19, 1910 (p. 8).
  13. ^ "Fined fifty dollars" Ottawa Citizen. January 11, 1912 (p. 9). Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  14. ^ "Hockeyist's death arouses sympathy" Victoria Daily Times. February 21, 1912 (p. 6). Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  15. ^ "Cleghorn fined $50" Ottawa Citizen. Dec. 30, 1912 (p. 5).
  16. ^ "Cleveland admit they were fully responsible for riot on Saturday" Ottawa Journal. Jan. 5, 1915 (p. 8). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  17. ^ "Ross and McGiffin to appear in court" Winnipeg Tribune. Feb. 18, 1915 (p. 10). Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  18. ^ "Live Tips and Topics" Boston Globe. Feb. 22, 1915 (p. 6). Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  19. ^ "Poor pro hockey match but pretty fair battle" Toronto World. Jan. 24, 1916 (p. 8). Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  20. ^ "Skene Ronan is acquitted" Ottawa Citizen. Feb. 1, 1916 (p. 7). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  21. ^ ""Bad Joe" Hall and Alfie Skinner got off on suspended sentence for fracas in Toronto match" Ottawa Citizen. Jan. 30, 1918 (p. 6). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  22. ^ "Ottawa Hockey Club requests president to expel Cleghorn" Ottawa Citizen. Feb. 3, 1922 (p. 11). Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  23. ^ CBC Sports 2004
  24. ^ Willes, Ed (2004). The Rebel League. McClelland & Stewart. p. 168. ISBN 0-7710-8947-3.
  25. ^ "Arrest Mars Gulls Game". Geis, John. Los Angeles Times. November 8, 1992. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
  26. ^ "Hockey Player Is Charged" Los Angeles Times. Feb 4, 1999. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  27. ^ "Deveaux: "Jag kommer inte att be om ursäkt"". sydsvenskan.se. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  28. ^ "Överfallet under uppvärmningen". aftonbladet.se. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  29. ^ "Andre Deveaux slipper åtal". aftonbladet.se. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  30. ^ "Sweden: Supreme Court Rules Ice Hockey Player’s Cross-Check Constitutes Assault, Not Excused as Part of Game" Library of Congress – Law (loc.gov/law). Hofverberg Elin. July 19, 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  31. ^ Snow, Emma; Jefford, Will (4 November 2023). "Adam Johnson: Crowds gather to pay tribute to ice hockey player". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  32. ^ Hartley, Joshua (30 October 2023). "Official police statement after death of Nottingham Panthers star Adam Johnson". Nottingham Post. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  33. ^ "Adam Johnson death: Matt Petgrave released on bail after being charged with manslaughter of ex-Penguins player". CBSSports.com. 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  34. ^ "Neck guards will be mandatory at Olympics after Adam Johnson's death". theguardian.com. 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  35. ^ "International Ice Hockey Federation mandates neck guards to be worn at all levels following Adam Johnson's death". cnn.com. 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  36. ^ "Voynov suspended for 2019-20 NHL season, Stanley Cup Playoffs". NHL.com. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Lifetime ban for Damir Ryspayev". khl.ru. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Rekordlång avstängning för Deveaux - Sport - SVT.se". svt.se. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  39. ^ "Senators' Pinto to be suspended 41 games for violating NHL gambling rules". Sportsnet. October 26, 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  40. ^ "NHL suspends Simon for 30 games". TSN. December 19, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  41. ^ "A record-setting suspension from ice hockey assault in 1986" (in Finnish). Yle. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  42. ^ "Watson of Predators suspended 27 games by NHL – Forward disciplined for unacceptable off-ice conduct". NHL.com. September 12, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  43. ^ "DOPS – Lightning's Nickerson Suspended For 20 Games". EIHL. 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  44. ^ "Semir Ben-Amor was given 18 game suspension" (in Finnish). Ilta-Sanomat. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  45. ^ "Här får Javeblad diagnosen ADHD". aftonbladet.se. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  46. ^ a b "Lista: Tidernas längsta avstängningar i elitserien". aftonbladet.se. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  47. ^ "Suspension for Ässät's Matti Lamberg" (in Finnish). Liiga. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
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