MPEG-4 Part 3
MPEG-4 Part 3 or MPEG-4 Audio (formally ISO/IEC 14496-3) is the third part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 international standard developed by Moving Picture Experts Group.[1] It specifies audio coding methods. The first version of ISO/IEC 14496-3 was published in 1999.[2]
The MPEG-4 Part 3 consists of a variety of audio coding technologies – from lossy speech coding (HVXC, CELP), general audio coding (AAC, TwinVQ, BSAC), lossless audio compression (MPEG-4 SLS, Audio Lossless Coding, MPEG-4 DST), a Text-To-Speech Interface (TTSI), Structured Audio (using SAOL, SASL, MIDI) and many additional audio synthesis and coding techniques.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
MPEG-4 Audio does not target a single application such as real-time telephony or high-quality audio compression. It applies to every application which requires the use of advanced sound compression, synthesis, manipulation, or playback. MPEG-4 Audio is a new type of audio standard that integrates numerous different types of audio coding: natural sound and synthetic sound, low bitrate delivery and high-quality delivery, speech and music, complex soundtracks and simple ones, traditional content and interactive content.[7]
Versions
[edit]| Edition | Release date | Latest amendment | Standard | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First edition | 1999 | 2001 | ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999[2] | also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 1" |
| 2000 | ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000[13] | also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 2", an Amendment to first edition[7][8] | ||
| Second edition | 2001 | 2005 | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001[14] | |
| Third edition | 2005 | 2008 | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005[15] | |
| Fourth edition | 2009 | 2015 and under development[12] | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009[1][16] | |
| Fifth edition | 2019 | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019[17] | Current version |
Subparts
[edit]MPEG-4 Part 3 contains following subparts:[16]
- Subpart 1: Main (list of Audio Object Types, Profiles, Levels, interface to ISO/IEC 14496-1, MPEG-4 Audio transport stream, etc.)
- Subpart 2: Speech coding – HVXC (Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding)
- Subpart 3: Speech coding – CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction)
- Subpart 4: General Audio Coding (GA) (Time/Frequency Coding) – AAC, TwinVQ, BSAC
- Subpart 5: Structured Audio (SA)
- Subpart 6: Text to Speech Interface (TTSI)
- Subpart 7: Parametric Audio Coding – HILN (Harmonic and Individual Line plus Noise)
- Subpart 8: Technical description of parametric coding for high quality audio (SSC, Parametric Stereo)
- Subpart 9: MPEG-1/MPEG-2 Audio in MPEG-4
- Subpart 10: Technical description of lossless coding of oversampled audio (MPEG-4 DST – Direct Stream Transfer)
- Subpart 11: Audio Lossless Coding (ALS)
- Subpart 12: Scalable Lossless Coding (SLS)
MPEG-4 Audio Object Types
[edit]MPEG-4 Audio includes a system for handling a diverse group of audio formats in a uniform manner. Each format is assigned a unique Audio Object Type to represent it.[18][19] Object Type is used to distinguish between different coding methods. It directly determines the MPEG-4 tool subset required to decode a specific object. The MPEG-4 profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports a different list of object types.[19]
| Object Type ID | Audio Object Type | First public release date | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AAC Main | 1999 | contains AAC LC |
| 2 | AAC LC (Low Complexity) | 1999 | Used in the "AAC Profile". MPEG-4 AAC LC Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Low Complexity profile (LC) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).[4][22] |
| 3 | AAC SSR (Scalable Sample Rate) | 1999 | MPEG-4 AAC SSR Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).[4][22] |
| 4 | AAC LTP (Long Term Prediction) | 1999 | contains AAC LC |
| 5 | SBR (Spectral Band Replication) | 2003[23] | used with AAC LC in the "High Efficiency AAC Profile" (HE-AAC v1) |
| 6 | AAC Scalable | 1999 | |
| 7 | TwinVQ | 1999 | audio coding at very low bitrates |
| 8 | CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) | 1999 | speech coding |
| 9 | HVXC (Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding) | 1999 | speech coding |
| 10 | (Reserved) | ||
| 11 | (Reserved) | ||
| 12 | TTSI (Text-To-Speech Interface) | 1999 | |
| 13 | Main synthesis | 1999 | contains 'wavetable' sample-based synthesis[24] and Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects |
| 14 | 'wavetable' sample-based synthesis | 1999 | based on SoundFont and DownLoadable Sounds,[24] contains General MIDI |
| 15 | General MIDI | 1999 | |
| 16 | Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects | 1999 | |
| 17 | ER AAC LC | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 18 | (Reserved ) | ||
| 19 | ER AAC LTP | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 20 | ER AAC Scalable | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 21 | ER TwinVQ | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 22 | ER BSAC (Bit-Sliced Arithmetic Coding) | 2000 | It is also known as "Fine Granule Audio" or fine grain scalability tool. It is used in combination with the AAC coding tools and replaces the noiseless coding and the bitstream formatting of MPEG-4 Version 1 GA coder. Error Resilient |
| 23 | ER AAC LD (Low Delay) | 2000 | Error Resilient, used with CELP, ER CELP, HVXC, ER HVXC and TTSI in the "Low Delay Profile", (commonly used for real-time conversation applications) |
| 24 | ER CELP | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 25 | ER HVXC | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 26 | ER HILN (Harmonic and Individual Lines plus Noise) | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 27 | ER Parametric | 2000 | Error Resilient |
| 28 | SSC (SinuSoidal Coding) | 2004[25][26] | |
| 29 | PS (Parametric Stereo) | 2004[27] and 2006[28][29] | used with AAC LC and SBR in the "HE-AAC v2 Profile". PS coding tool was defined in 2004 and Object Type defined in 2006. |
| 30 | MPEG Surround | 2007[30] | also known as MPEG Spatial Audio Coding (SAC), it is a type of spatial audio coding[31][32] (MPEG Surround was also defined in ISO/IEC 23003-1 in 2007[33]) |
| 31 | (ESCAPE) | ||
| 32 | MPEG-1/2 Layer-1 | 2005[34] | |
| 33 | MPEG-1/2 Layer-2 | 2005[34] | |
| 34 | MPEG-1/2 Layer-3 | 2005[34] | also known as "MP3onMP4" |
| 35 | DST (Direct Stream Transfer) | 2005[35] | lossless audio coding, used on Super Audio CD |
| 36 | ALS (Audio Lossless Coding) | 2006[29] | lossless audio coding |
| 37 | SLS (Scalable Lossless Coding) | 2006[36] | two-layer audio coding with lossless layer and lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC) |
| 38 | SLS non-core | 2006 | lossless audio coding without lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC) |
| 39 | ER AAC ELD (Enhanced Low Delay) | 2008[37] | Error Resilient |
| 40 | SMR (Symbolic Music Representation) Simple | 2008 | note: Symbolic Music Representation is also the MPEG-4 Part 23 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008)[38][39] |
| 41 | SMR Main | 2008 | |
| 42 | USAC (Unified Speech and Audio Coding) | 2012 | Unified Speech and audio Coding is defined in MPEG-D Part 3 (ISO/IEC 23003-3:2012)[40] |
| 43 | SAOC (Spatial Audio Object Coding) | 2010[41][42] | note: Spatial Audio Object Coding is also the MPEG-D Part 2 standard (ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010)[43] |
| 44 | LD MPEG Surround | 2010[44] | This object type conveys Low Delay MPEG Surround Coding side information (that was defined in MPEG-D Part 2 – ISO/IEC 23003-2[43]) in the MPEG-4 Audio framework. |
| 45 | SAOC-DE | 2013 | Spatial Audio Object Coding Dialogue Enhancement |
| 46 | Audio Sync | 2015 | The audio synchronization tool provides capability of synchronizing multiple contents in multiple devices. |
Audio Profiles
[edit]
The MPEG-4 Audio standard defines several profiles. These profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports different list of object types. Each profile may also have several levels, which limit some parameters of the tools present in a profile. These parameters usually are the sampling rate and the number of audio channels decoded at the same time.
| Audio Profile | Audio Object Types | First public release date |
|---|---|---|
| AAC Profile | AAC LC | 2003 |
| High Efficiency AAC Profile | AAC LC, SBR | 2003 |
| HE-AAC v2 Profile | AAC LC, SBR, PS | 2006 |
| Main Audio Profile | AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, Main synthesis | 1999 |
| Scalable Audio Profile | AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI | 1999 |
| Speech Audio Profile | CELP, HVXC, TTSI | 1999 |
| Synthetic Audio Profile | TTSI, Main synthesis | 1999 |
| High Quality Audio Profile | AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, CELP, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER CELP | 2000 |
| Low Delay Audio Profile | CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC | 2000 |
| Natural Audio Profile | AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC, ER HILN, ER Parametric | 2000 |
| Mobile Audio Internetworking Profile | ER AAC LC, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD | 2000 |
| HD-AAC Profile | AAC LC, SLS[45] | 2009[46] |
| ALS Simple Profile | ALS | 2010[42][47] |
Audio storage and transport
[edit]| Standard | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Multiplex | ISO/IEC 14496-1 | MPEG-4 Multiplex scheme (M4Mux)[48] |
| Multiplex | ISO/IEC 14496-3 | Low Overhead Audio Transport Multiplex (LATM) |
| Storage | ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative) | Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF) – only for AAC |
| Storage | ISO/IEC 14496-12 | MPEG-4 file format (MP4) / ISO base media file format |
| Transmission | ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative) | Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) – only for AAC |
| Transmission | ISO/IEC 14496-3 | Low Overhead Audio Stream (LOAS), based on LATM |
There is no standard for transport of elementary streams over a channel, because the broad range of MPEG-4 applications have delivery requirements that are too wide to easily characterize with a single solution.
The capabilities of a transport layer and the communication between transport, multiplex, and demultiplex functions are described in the Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) in ISO/IEC 14496-6.[16] A wide variety of delivery mechanisms exist below this interface, e.g., MPEG transport stream, Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), etc.
Transport in Real-time Transport Protocol is defined in RFC 3016 (RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams), RFC 3640 (RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams), RFC 4281 (The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types) and RFC 4337 (MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4).
LATM and LOAS were defined for natural audio applications, which do not require sophisticated object-based coding or other functions provided by MPEG-4 Systems.
Bifurcation in the AAC technical standard
[edit]The Advanced Audio Coding in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) Subpart 4 was enhanced relative to the previous standard MPEG-2 Part 7 (Advanced Audio Coding), in order to provide better sound quality for a given encoding bitrate.
It is assumed that any Part 3 and Part 7 differences will be ironed out by the ISO standards body in the near future to avoid the possibility of future bitstream incompatibilities. At present there are no known player or codec incompatibilities due to the newness of the standard.
The MPEG-2 Part 7 standard (Advanced Audio Coding) was first published in 1997 and offers three default profiles:[49][50] Low Complexity profile (LC), Main profile and Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR).
The MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4 (General Audio Coding) combined the profiles from MPEG-2 Part 7 with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) and defined them as Audio Object Types (AAC LC, AAC Main, AAC SSR).[4]
HE-AAC
[edit]High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding is an extension of AAC LC using spectral band replication (SBR), and Parametric Stereo (PS). It is designed to increase coding efficiency at low bitrates by using partial parametric representation of audio.
AAC-SSR
[edit]AAC Scalable Sample Rate was introduced by Sony to the MPEG-2 Part 7 and MPEG-4 Part 3 standards.[citation needed] It was first published in ISO/IEC 13818-7, Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) in 1997.[49][50] The audio signal is first split into 4 bands using a 4 band polyphase quadrature filter bank. Then these 4 bands are further split using MDCTs with a size k of 32 or 256 samples. This is similar to normal AAC LC which uses MDCTs with a size k of 128 or 1024 directly on the audio signal.
The advantage of this technique is that short block switching can be done separately for every PQF band. So high frequencies can be encoded using a short block to enhance temporal resolution, low frequencies can be still encoded with high spectral resolution. However, due to aliasing between the 4 PQF bands, coding efficiency around (1,2,3) * fs/8 is worse than with normal MPEG-4 AAC LC.[citation needed]
MPEG-4 AAC-SSR is very similar to ATRAC and ATRAC-3.
Why AAC-SSR was introduced
[edit]The idea behind AAC-SSR was not only the advantage listed above, but also the possibility of reducing the data rate by removing 1, 2 or 3 of the upper PQF bands. A very simple bitstream splitter can remove these bands and thus reduce the bitrate and sample rate.
Example:
- 4 subbands: bitrate = 128 kbit/s, sample rate = 48 kHz, f_lowpass = 20 kHz
- 3 subbands: bitrate ~ 120 kbit/s, sample rate = 48 kHz, f_lowpass = 18 kHz
- 2 subbands: bitrate ~ 100 kbit/s, sample rate = 24 kHz, f_lowpass = 12 kHz
- 1 subband: bitrate ~ 65 kbit/s, sample rate = 12 kHz, f_lowpass = 6 kHz
Note: although possible, the resulting quality is much worse than typical for this bitrate. So for normal 64 kbit/s AAC LC a bandwidth of 14–16 kHz is achieved by using intensity stereo and reduced NMRs. This degrades audible quality less than transmitting 6 kHz bandwidth with perfect quality.
BSAC
[edit]Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding is an MPEG-4 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3 subpart 4) for scalable audio coding. BSAC uses an alternative noiseless coding to AAC, with the rest of the processing being identical to AAC. This support for scalability allows for nearly transparent sound quality at 64 kbit/s and graceful degradation at lower bit rates. BSAC coding is best performed in the range of 40 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s, though it operates in the range of 16 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s. The AAC-BSAC codec is used in Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) applications.
Licensing
[edit]In 2002, the MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee selected the Via Licensing Corporation as the Licensing Administrator for the MPEG-4 Audio patent pool.[3][51][52]
See also
[edit]- TwinVQ – one of the object types defined in MPEG-4 Audio version 1
- MPEG-4 Part 2
- MPEG-4 Part 14 container format (MP4)
- Digital rights management
- Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
References
[edit]- ^ a b ISO (2009). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ a b ISO (1999). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ a b Business Wire (2002-12-02). "MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee Selects Via Licensing Corporation as Administrator; MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee Finalizing Terms for Audio Profile Licensing". The Free Library. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c d Karlheinz Brandenburg; Oliver Kunz; Akihiko Sugiyama (1999). "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding – Audio profiles and levels". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ Karlheinz Brandenburg; Oliver Kunz; Akihiko Sugiyama. "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding – scalability in MPEG-4 natural audio". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998). "MPEG Audio FAQ – MPEG-4". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (July 1999), ISO/IEC 14496-3:/Amd.1 – Final Committee Draft – MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-01, retrieved 2009-10-07
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Heiko Purnhagen (1999-06-07), An Overview of MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (PDF), Heiko Purnhagen, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-06, retrieved 2009-10-07
- ^ a b Heiko Purnhagen (2001-06-01). "The MPEG-4 Audio Standard: Overview and Applications". Heiko Purnhagen. Retrieved 2009-10-07. [dead link]
- ^ Heiko Purnhagen (2001-11-07). "The MPEG Audio Web Page – MPEG-4 Audio (ISO/IEC 14496-3)". Retrieved 2009-10-07. [dead link]
- ^ Rob Koenen, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (March 2002). "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard". chiariglione.org. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b MPEG. "MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ^ ISO (2000). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000 - Audio extensions". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ ISO (2001). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ ISO (2005). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
- ^ a b c d ISO/IEC (2009-09-01), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio (PDF), IEC, retrieved 2009-10-07
- ^ ISO/IEC (2019-12-01), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio, IEC, retrieved 2020-06-02
- ^ a b MultimediaWiki (2009). "MPEG-4 Audio". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ a b c Bernhard Grill; Stefan Geyersberger; Johannes Hilpert; Bodo Teichmann (July 2004), Implementation of MPEG-4 Audio Components on various Platforms (PDF), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-10, retrieved 2009-10-09
- ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2203 (March 1998). "MPEG-4 Audio (Final Committee Draft 14496-3)". Heiko Purnhagen. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead link] - ^ a b c ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N7016 (2005-01-11), Text of ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/FPDAM 4, Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, archived from the original (DOC) on 2014-05-12, retrieved 2009-10-09
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Karlheinz Brandenburg; Oliver Kunz; Akihiko Sugiyama (1999). "MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding – General Audio Coding (AAC based)". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ ISO (2003). "Bandwidth extension, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ a b
Scheirer, Eric D.; Ray, Lee (1998). "Algorithmic and Wavetable Synthesis in the MPEG-4 Multimedia Standard". Audio Engineering Society Convention 105, 1998. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.35.2773.
2.2 Wavetable synthesis with SASBF: The SASBF wavetable-bank format had a somewhat complex history of development. The original specification was contributed by E-Mu Systems and was based on their "SoundFont" format [15]. After integration of this component in the MPEG-4 reference software was complete, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) approached MPEG requesting that MPEG-4 SASBF be compatible with their "Downloaded Sounds" format [13]. E-Mu agreed that this compatibility was desirable, and so a new format was negotiated and designed collaboratively by all parties.
- ^ ISO (2004). "Parametric coding for high-quality audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2003-07-25). "Text of ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/FPDAM2 (Parametric Audio) - N5713". Archived from the original (DOC) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ 3GPP (2004-09-30). "3GPP TS 26.401 V6.0.0 (2004-09), General Audio Codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus General Audio CodecGeneral Description (Release 6)" (DOC). 3GPP. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ 3GPP (2005-01-04). "ETSI TS 126 401 V6.1.0 (2004-12) - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)General audio codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus general audio codecGeneral description (3GPP TS 26.401 version 6.1.0 Release 6)". 3GPP. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b ISO (2006). "Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2007). "BSAC extensions and transport of MPEG Surround, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 5:2007". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (July 2005). "Tutorial on MPEG Surround Audio Coding". Archived from the original on 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (July 2005). "Tutorial on MPEG Surround Audio Coding". Archived from the original on 2008-03-24. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ ISO (2007-01-29). "ISO/IEC 23003-1:2007 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 1: MPEG Surround". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ a b c ISO (2005). "MPEG-1/2 audio in MPEG-4, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 3:2005". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2005). "Lossless coding of oversampled audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 6:2005". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2006). "Scalable Lossless Coding (SLS), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 3:2006". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2008). "Enhanced low delay AAC, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 9:2008". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2008). "ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008, Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 23: Symbolic Music Representation". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2008). "Symbolic Music Representation conformance, ISO/IEC 14496-4:2004/Amd 29:2008". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ ISO (2012). "ISO/IEC 23003-3:2012 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 3: Unified speech and audio coding". ISO. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
- ^ ISO (2009). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 2:2010, ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
- ^ a b
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2009-07-03), ISO/IEC 14496-3:200X/PDAM 2 – ALS Simple Profile and Transport of SAOC, N10826, archived from the original (DOC) on 2014-07-29, retrieved 2009-10-13
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b ISO (2010). "ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010 - Information technology -- MPEG audio technologies -- Part 2: Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC)". ISO. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ AES Convention Paper 8099 – A new parametric stereo and Multi Channel Extension for MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC (AAC-ELD) (PDF), retrieved 2019-11-07
- ^ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2008-10-17), ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/PDAM 10:200X HD-AAC profile, MPEG2008/N10188, archived from the original (DOC) on 2014-05-12, retrieved 2009-10-19
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ ISO (2009-09-11). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 1:2009 - HD-AAC profile and MPEG Surround signaling". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ ISO (2009-10-08). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 2:2010 - ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ ISO (2004-11-15), ISO/IEC 14496-1, Third edition 2004-11-15, Part 1: Systems (PDF), ISO, archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2011, retrieved 2009-10-14
- ^ a b ISO (2004-10-15), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 – Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) (PDF), p. 32, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13, retrieved 2009-10-19
- ^ a b ISO (1997). "ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information -- Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ Business Wire (2009-01-05). "Via Licensing Announces MPEG-4 SLS Patent Pool License". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Via Licensing Corporation (2009-05-12). "Via Licensing Announces the Availability of an MPEG-4 SLS Joint Patent Licensing Program". Business Wire. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
External links
[edit]- Apple: MPEG-4: AAC
- "AAC" (VideoLAN WIKI)
- EBU subjective listening tests on low-bitrate audio codecs Archived 2007-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
- AAC radio stations – Online radio stations in AAC format
- Tuner2 – Directory of radio stations in AAC+ format at various bitrates
- RadioFeeds UK & Ireland – Page containing plenty of terrestrial stations webcasting in AAC+ format.
- Results of 64 kbit/s Listening Test A page comparing codecs including HE-AAC @64 kbit/s by listening tests. (Page is offline)
- Official MPEG web site
- RFC 3016 – RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams
- RFC 3640 – RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams
- RFC 4281 – The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types
- RFC 4337 – MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4